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1、,English Literature of 18th century,Enlightenment Movement1.progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe(England,Germany and France)in the 18th century and in Russia in the 19th century(Lenin:bourgeois movement),2.the enlighteners:had hostility to serfdom;strongly advocated the educat
2、ion and self-government and freedom for the masses of people;asserted the right and interests of the people,esp.peasants.,English Enlightenment appear after bourgeois revolution,urge the carrying-on of revolutionthe English enlighteners considered the chief way to better the society was“enlightenmen
3、t”(education).They believe the power of reason.So the 18th C in England is also called“the age of reason”,Enlighteners in English Literature:2 groups 1.moderate group:Pope,Defoe,Addison and Steele,and Richardson They supported the rules of the existing social order and considered partial reforms wou
4、ld be sufficient.,2.Radical group:Swift,Fielding,Smollett,Goldsmith and Sheridan They insisted on more resolute democratization in the management of the government.They even partly defended the interests of working people,peasants and laboring class,neo-classicism periodical literature sentimental m
5、ovement novel drama,18th century literature,Neo-classicism Alexander Pope Samuel Johnson,In literature,the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.This tendency is known as neoclassicism.According to the neoclassicists,all forms of literature were to be
6、modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers(Homer,Virgil,and so on)and those of the contemporary French ones.They believed that the artistic ideals should be order,logic,restrained emotion and accuracy,and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to human
7、ity.,neo-classicism:modeled on Greek and Latin authors,tried to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek and Latin works:1.drama:rhymed couplet instead of blank verse,the three unities,regularity in construction,presentation of types rather than individuals2.poetry:fol
8、lowing the ancient divisions:lyric,epic,didactic,satiric or dramatic3.prose:precise,direct and flexible,4.The basic difference between Dryden and the 18th century enlighteners Dryden:wrote to please the declining aristocracy during the Restoration periodEnlighteners:wrote for the bourgeoisie to tidy
9、 up the capitalist social orders,Alexander Pope(1688-1744),1.life storymerchants family,Catholic,feeble,severe bodily pain,introduced to literary world by Wycherley,1713:formed Scriblerus Club(涂鸦社),side not definitely either with Whig or ToryWrote Newtons epitaph:“Nature,and Natures Laws lay hid in
10、Night.God said,Let Newton be!and All was Light.,2.works1).pastoral poems“Pastorals”田园组诗“Winsor Forest”温莎林“Ode on Solitude”隐居颂2).satirical poems“The Rape of the Lock”夺发记“The Dunciad”群愚史诗,3).philosophical works“An Essay on Criticism”批评论“An Essay on Man”人论“Moral Essays”道德论4).translation and edition“Ili
11、ad”“Odessey”“The Works of Shakespeare”,“An Essay on Criticism”1).a manifesto of English neo-classicism aesthetic theories of poetry comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism2).criticism on poetry written in blank verse(heroic couplet):how to write and appreciate poetry,3).content:res
12、pect to ancient Greek and Roman poets and critics not showing preference either for the Ancients or for the Modernsjudge each individual work according to its own merit or demerit respect to Shakespeare(violate classical rules),4).a didactic poem in heroic couplet,in a plain style,easy reading.Tis h
13、ard to say,if greater Want of SkillAppear in Writing or in Judging ill,But,of the two,less dangrous is th Offence,To tire our Patience,than mis-lead our Sense:Some few in that,but Numbers err in this,Ten Censure wrong for one who Writes amiss;,Famous sayings:For fools rush in where angels fear to tr
14、ead.智者裹足不前，愚者铤而走险.To err is human,to forgive,divine.人皆有错，难能宽恕 A little learning is a dangerous thing.浅学误人,“The Rape of the Lock”1).poem in mock-heroic(type of satirical verse which deals with trivial matters in the style of epic or heroic verse 仿英雄体)a quarrel between two aristocratic families:Lord P
15、etres cutting of a lock of Miss Arabella Fermors hair without her permission.,2).analysis social satire of the idle,meaningless life of the aristocratic bourgeois society of 18th c EnglandInferior position of women:toys and slaves to mens passioninfluenced Byrons“Don Juan”,“The Dunciad”1).satirical
16、poem of personal attack in 4 books,15 years 2).background:provoked by Theobalds criticism of his edition of Shakespeare,first choosing Theobald as“the poet laureate”of the kingdom of Dullness.But by and by all the authors who had criticized Pope were ridiculed,and the satire was directed to all the
17、literary vices of the time.,3).bitter satire on Popes rival writers and whole literary life in 18th c England4).expose and satirize dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government,social morals,education and even religion,“An Essay on Man”1).philosophical poem in heroic couplet,4 epistles:Of
18、the Nature and State of Man with respect to the universe with respect to Himself as an individual with respect to society with respect to happiness2).Ps political and philosophical stand of an enlightener,influence of Deism,3).selectionAll Nature is but Art unknown to thee;All chance direction,which
19、 thou canst not see;All discord,harmony not understood;All partial evil,universal good:And spite of Pride,in erring Reasons spite,One truth is clear,Whatever is,is right.,4.Comments on Pope(1).Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England.He was the greatest poet of his time.(2).His
20、lines are smooth,balanced and concise,a master of the heroic couplet.(3).influenced other writers of his age,early 18th c England-the age of Pope,Samuel Johnson(1709-1784),1.life story1728-29 Oxford1731 father died,make his own living:usher,translating1735 married a widow,20 years senior,800,set up
21、a school,failure1755 Oxford:M.A.1756 arrested for debt,loan from Richardson1762 governmental pension:300,1763 met Boswell biographer1764“The Club”,“The Literary Club”,Goldsmith,Sheridan 1765 Trinity College,Dublin:Dr.of Laws1767 conversation with George,loyal to king 1770 political tracts as Tory177
22、5 Oxford:Doctor of Laws1782 paralysis,recovered,“Essex Head Club”,1784 After his death,Johnson received many honors.He was buried in Westminster Abbey,near the memorial to Shakespeare poet,dramatist,prose romancer,biographer,essayist,critic,lexicographer and publicist.,2.His works:poems:“London”“The
23、 Vanity of Human Wishes”(heroic couplet)romance:“The History of Rasselas,Prince of Abyssinia”drama:“Irene”(blank-verse tragedy),periodicals:“The Rambler”“The Idler”critical works:“Lives of the Poets”dictionary:“The Dictionary of the English Language”Letter To the Right Honorable the Earl of chesterf
24、ield,“The Vanity of Human Wishes”1).sharp satire on the social evils in aristocratic-bourgeois world all-powerful influence of gold so many engaged in struggle for political power corruption and struggle for power between two parties2).general picture of his society,not a particular person,“The Hist
25、ory of Rasselas,Prince of Abyssinia”1).most popular of Js writings,didactic romance:6 editions(besides one in Ireland&American):a prince who has led a sheltered life,and who goes out to explore the world and learns the meaning of life and the secret of happiness.,2.analysis:lack the revolutionary sp
26、irit,advocate golden mean(中庸之道)between Deism:reconcile to everything in the existing social orderrevolutionary thought:expose and criticize the ugly reality,“Lives of the poets”1.Preface:praise Shakespeare“the poet of nature”and defend Shakespeare from the charges of mixing of comic with the tragic(
27、violating the classical rules),2).52 poets:unfair to Milton and Gray,cares for rhymed verse than blank verse3).contents:biographical facts analysis of personal traits and character comments on their poetry,The Dictionary of the English Language the first English dictionary by an Englishman;first bro
28、ught fame to Johnson remained for a century the unrivalled authority for English language and all English dictionary.,Letter To the Right Honorable the Earl of chesterfield 1.Background:Samuel Johnson wrote the letter in 1755,when he was 45 years old.Johnson had just completed his great dictionary o
29、f the English language,which he had been toiling away at for eight years.seven London booksellers had commissioned the project eight years previously.,At that time Johnson had issued a plan for the work,in the hope of getting more funds from patrons.He had dedicated the plan to Philip Dormer,the Ear
30、l of Chesterfield.Johnson paid a call on the Earl at some point,and been disappointed with the results.He did apparently get a few guineas out of the noble Lord,but it was much less than he had hoped for.Chesterfield seemed to have taken no further interest in the project.,Until,all those years late
31、r,when the dictionary was at last ready for publication(it was actually five years later),Lord Chesterfield published an advance review of it in a magazine named The World,presenting himself as principal patron of the work.This excited Johnsons indignation,and he wrote the following letter to his Lo
32、rdship.It is one of the great letters of all time.,2.AnalysisJs strong indignation at the lords fame-fishing and his firm resolution not to be reconciled to the hypocritical lord.the authors assertion of his independence-the opening of a new era in the development of literature.,ments on Johnson:1).
33、next only to William Shakespeare,Samuel Johnson is perhaps the most quoted of English writers.2).The latter part of 18th century is often called the“Age of Johnson”.,Periodical Literature Addison and Steele,Addison(1672-1719)1.Life:clergymans family(Steele:schoolmate),Oxford,classical education,MA,f
34、ellow,Latin poems,classical scholar,pension,tour in Europe,Whig,1708-19:MP,Kit-Cat Club,political post,1718 retired with pension of 1500,Steele(1672-1729)1.Life:born in Dublin,English parents,Oxford,classical,without degree,army,a poem on Queen Marys funeral,captain,dissolute life,sentimental comedi
35、es,1713:M.P.,knighted in 1715,1718:quarrel with Addison over politics,extravagant life,in debt,money difficulties and poor health forced him to leave London,best and most important periodicals by Addison and Steele“The Spectator”旁观者“The Tatler”闲谈者,“The Tatler”(1709)1).three times a week,271 numbers:
36、188 by Steele,42 by Addison,36 together by A and S2).essays,in conversational style to entertain and instruct the readers3).the character“Isaac Bickerstaff”invented by Swift,4).objective:To expose the false arts of life,to pull off the disguises of cunning vanity,and affectation,and recommend a gene
37、ral simplicity in our dress,discourse,and behavior(揭露生活中的虚伪，扯下狡诈、虚荣和矫揉造作的种种面具，并力荐服饰、言谈和行为的简洁),“The Spectator”(1711)1).A daily paper,555 numbers,wider range of subjects and maturer style than“The Tatler”:supposed to be edited by a small club headed by Mr.Spectator,a man of travel and learning,frequen
38、tly comes to London as an observer.2).The essays mainly deal with manners,morals and literature of the time.,3).Literary merits:literary criticism characterizationInvent“Sir Roger de Coverley”one of the best-known figures in English fictional literature:an ideal squire in 18th century England,The ch
39、aracter sketches in the paper are most outstanding:a type of a new culture,learned,familiar with all languages,old and new,traveled in all countries,visited every place-the character sketches are forerunners of the modern English novel.,Contributions of Addison and Steele:1).Their writings shape a n
40、ew code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.2.They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.,3.In the hands of Addison and Steele,the English essay has completely established itself as a literary genre.Using it as a form of character sketching and story-telling
41、,they pave the way to modern novels.,Novels in the 18th century,The Division of the Novels realistic novel sentimental novel Gothic novel historical novel,back,Realistic Novels Daniel Defoe Jonathan Swift Henry Fielding Tobias Smollett,back,Daniel Defoe(1660-1731),back,1.His Life:is generally consid
42、ered to be Englands first true novelist.butcher,his father,clergyman,plunged into politics and trade,traveling in Europe,bankrupt,Mary Tuffley,two sons and five daughters,involved in Monmouth rebellion in 1685 against James II,hiding in a churchyard after rebellion was put down,noticed the name Robi
43、nson Crusoe carved on a stone,and later gave it to his famous hero.,a supporter of William III,joining his army in 1688,In 1702:pamphlet“The Shortest-Way with the Dissenters”,arrested,released in return for services as a pamphleteer and intelligence agent for the Tories,in prison wrote a ode,“Hymn t
44、o the Pillory”.The poem was sold in the streets,the audience drank to his health while he stood in the pillory and read aloud his verses.,Tories fell from power,continued to carry out intelligence work for the Whig government,political writings were widely read and made him powerful enemies,periodic
45、al“The Review”,remaining years,concentrated on books,historical works,works involving the supernatural.,2.His works:“Robinson Crusoe”-masterpiece“Captain Singleton”-novel of adventure.“Colonel Jacque”-novel of adventure“Moll Flanders”“Roxana”-picaresque novel“A Journal of the Plague Year”-historical
46、 fiction 伦敦大疫记,“Robinson Crusoe”1).real fact:Alexander Seilkirk(Scottish sailor)2).content:three parts,the first part most significant:Robinsons adventures on the uninhabited island for 28 years(Friday),Selkirk,who went to sea in 1704 under William Dampier and was put ashore at his own request on an
47、 uninhabited island in the Pacific,where he survived until his rescue in 1709 by Woodes Rogers.As a journalist Defoe must have heard Selkirks story and possibly interviewed him.,Selkirk never went back to the Pacific island as Defoe had Crusoe do in two sequels.Selkirk became known as a eccentric.It
48、 is said he taught cats how to do strange dances.,back,contents:(P36):Crusoe is shipwrecked off South America.He stays in the island 28 years,two months and 19 days.Aided with his enterprising behavior,Crusoe adapts into his environment.After several lone years he sees a strange footprint in the san
49、d.His horrified discovery leads to encounter with savages.Crusoe meets later the frightened native and names him Man Friday.Finally they are rescued by an English ship bound to England.,3).Analysis of the novelfirst-person narratorthe human need for society and the equally powerful impulse for solit
50、ude.a dream of building a private kingdom,a self-made Utopia,and being completely self-sufficient.,Crusoe:empire-builder(laborer);pioneer colonizer(exploiter);foreign trader:Brazil,China,Madagascar,Germany-the typical image of an enterprising English bourgeoisie of 18th century:a great capacity for
