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1、英语句子类型,英语句子可分为：简单句并列句复杂/合句,名词性从句,状语从句定语从句主语从句 表语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句,（时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步等）,1.主语 不及物动词She came/My head aches.2.主语 及物动词 宾语She likes English.3.主语 系动词 表语（主语补语）She is happy4.主语 双宾动词 间接宾语 直接宾语She gave John a bookShe bought a book for me.5.主语 及物动词 宾语 宾补She makes her mother angryThe teacher as
2、ked me to read the passage.6.There be句型：There is a book on the desk.There existed many dinosaurs.,简单句基本句型,简单句的基本词序,主语 动词部分 宾语 状语（谓语）(方式/地点/时间)I bought a hat yesterday.The children ran home.We ate our meal in silence.The car stopped suddenly.,并列句,由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来的句子叫并列句。常见分类：1表示同等、平行或承接关系，常用连词有a
3、nd，both.and.，not only.but also.，neither.nor.，as well as等。He helps me and he also helps others.She not only gave us a lot of advice,but also helped us to overcome difficulties.2表示转折关系，常用连词有but，however,yet（然而），while（而）等。He is young,but he works hard.She is tall,while her elder sister is short.,并列句,3表示
4、选择关系，常见连词有or，not.but（不是而是），either.or.（要么要么）等。Hurry up,or well be late.Either you come to my home or I get to yours.4表示因果关系，常见连词有as，for（因为），so等Mike didnt come to school,for he was ill.He works hard,so he is a top student of class.,复杂句/复合句,由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。,名词性从句,状语从句定语从句主语从句 表语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句,复合句,状语从
5、句,时间:Everybody was assigned a job as soon as they left university.地点:Where there is a will,there is a way.方式:You must do the exercises as I show you.原因:Since the speaker cant come,well have to cancel the meeting.结果:He was very angry,so that he left the room without saying a word.目的:The teacher must
6、speak clearly so that his students can understand well.条件:Provided(that)he wins the support of the minority groups,he will be able to win the election.让步:Rich as he is,Mr.Johnson is by no means a happy man.,定语从句,英语中的定语是一个词时，放在被修饰词的前面，a beautiful girl a lovely boy（形容词作定语）定语是两个以上的词组、短语或从句则放在被修饰词的后面，如：
7、She is the girl in red.（介词短语作定语）The lady carried a bag full of money.（形容词短语作定语）He is the man who you are looking for.（定语从句作定语）放在名词或代词后面，由关系代词或关系副词引导的修饰该名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。,Harry Porter is a boy who has magic power.,先行词,关系词,定语从句,that，which,who,whom,whose,where,when，why,先行词和关系词的关系,1.A plane i
8、s a machine that can fly.2.The boy who broke the window is called Tom.3.The boy whose parents are dead was brought up by his grandfather.4.The school where I study is far from my home.,a machine=that,the boy=who,the boys=whose,in the school=where,关系代词实际上是先行词的复指,关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格,关系副词实际上是介词先行词,Join
9、 the following sentences into one:A plane is a machine.The machine can fly.,关系代词的实质,Join the following sentences:A plane is a machine.The machine can fly.A plane is can fly.,关系代词的实质,a machine,the machine,Join the following sentences:A plane is a machine.The machine can fly.A plane is can fly.,关系代词的实
10、质,a machine,that/which,关系代词的实质,Join the following sentences:The girl is Mary.We saw her yesterday.,关系代词的实质,Join the following sentences:The girl is Mary.We saw her yesterday.we saw yesterday is Mary.,her,The girl,关系代词的实质,Join the following sentences:The girl is Mary.We saw her yesterday.we saw yeste
11、rday is Mary.,her,The girl,关系代词的实质,Join the following sentences:The girl is Mary.We saw her yesterday.we saw yesterday is Mary.,that/who/whom,The girl,关系代词的基本用法,who,whom,which,that,whose,关系副词的基本用法,when,where,why,time,place,reason,时间状语,地点状语,原因状语,主语宾语定语宾语,指出关系代词在定语从句中的成份：1.The man who came to our scho
12、ol is Mr.Wang.()2.The girl(whom)I met is Lucy.()3.A child whose parents are dead is called Tom.()4.I like the book(which)you bought yesterday.(),定语从句,限制性定语从句,非限制性定语从句,区别,限制性定语从句：不用逗号与主句隔开，是先行词不可缺少的定语，删去后原句句意不完整。非限制性定语从句：用逗号与主句隔开，对先行词进行补充说明，删去后原句句意仍然完整。对比以下两句话：His sister who is now a doctor always en
13、courages him to go to college.His sister,who is now a doctor,always encourages him to go to college.,(1)which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。,These are the trees which were planted last year.,This recorder（which）he is using ismade in Japan.,which,关系词的具体用法,He is the man(that)I told you about.,(2)that 指人或物，
14、在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。,A plane is a machine that can fly.,that,注意：当关系代词前有介词时，不能用that,This is the school about which we are talking.,（3）who 和whom 的用法举例：,Who,whom只能指人,做主语：用who或thatThe teacher who got sick last week has come back to school.,注意：有介词在关系代词前时，只能用whom,做宾语：可用who,whom,that或省略The man(who/whom/t
15、hat)you met yesterday is an actor.The tall man(who/whom/that)you just talked to is my uncle.The tall man to whom you just talked is my uncle.,(4)Whose的用法,关系代词whose表示“的”，是关系代词who、which的所有格，因此既可指人，也可指物。在从句中，whose作定语修饰名词，被修饰词可以是从句的主语、宾语或介词宾语。They cleaned the house whose windows face south.He is the boy
16、 whose pen I borrowed yesterday.The gentleman,with whose daughter I worked,looked down upon women.,The house whose window is broken is mine.,whose=the houses(window),The house is mine.,the window of which is broken,of which the window is broken,Whose与which的换用:,结论：Whose指物时，“whose+名词”相当于“限定词+名词+of+whi
17、ch”或“of+which+限定词+名词”,When表时间Do you remember the day when we left you in charge?I remember the time when Eric won the speech competition.,（5）when的用法举例：,I can never forget the year of 2003 when I got my postgraduate degree.,试比较：I can never forget the year of 2003(that/which)I spent in a small village
18、.,注意：要对从句做成分分析！,结论：如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，则用which/that。如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，则用when.,Where表地点Shanghai is the city where he was born.This is not a family where bad behavior goes unpunished.,（6）where的用法举例：,The small house where she gave birth to her son was burnt down yesterday.,试比较：The small house which was left by her
19、 father was burnt down yesterday.,注意：要对从句做成分分析！,结论：如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，则用which/that。如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，则用where.,（7）why的用法举例：,Why表原因I dont know the reason why the house is so dirty.I wont listen to the reason why you didnt do your homework.,This is the reason why I was late.,试比较：This is the reason(that/which)you
20、gave to me.,注意：要对从句做成分分析！,结论：why的先行词一定是 the reason,但the reason的关系词不一定是 why。,关系代词的用法注意点,一、that和which都可以指物，that和who都能指人，但以下6种情况只能用that 不能用which/who。,(1)当先行词中有人又有物时。如：,Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?,2.关系代词用法注意点(1)只能用that不能用which的5种情况,(2)当先行词为anything,everything,nothing,
21、something,few,all,none,little或者是由any,every,some,all,no,little,few,much修饰时。如：This is all that I want from the school.,(3)当先行词被the only,the very,the last,the next 等修饰时。如：This is the very book that I am looking for these days.He is the only man that I want to see before I die.,(4)当先行词被最高级修饰时。如：The TV t
22、ower is the highest building that has been built in this city.,(5)当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.,(6)当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时。如：who is the man that is standing there?Which is the hotel that was recommended?,关系代词的用法注意点,二、that和which都可以指物，但以下2种情况只能用which不能用that:,(1)
23、在非限制性定语从句中。如：,English,which is becoming very popular in our country,is learned by more and more people.,2.关系代词用法注意点(1)只能用that不能用which的5种情况,(2)当关系代词前面有介词时，如：A zoo is a park in which may kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.This is the room in which I lived when I was young.,关系代词与关系副词,When,where,w
24、hy 可被“介词+which”替换Do you remember the day when we left you in charge?Do you remember the day on which we left you in charge?Shanghai is the city where he was born.Shanghai is the city in which he was born.I dont know the reason why the house is so dirty.I dont know the reason for which the house is s
25、o dirty.,先行词为way 或time的定语从句,先行词是way（方式、方法），且关系词在从句中作状语时，关系词用that,in which或省略：I dont like the way(that/in which)he laughs at her.先行词是time，若表示“次数”则用that引导定语从句：It is the first time that the President has visited our country.,一、as引导限制性定语从句主要固定结构有：the sameas suchas asas soas主句中出现the same,as,such,so修饰先行词，
26、需选择as做关系代词在定语从句中做主语或宾语。,特殊的关系代词as的用法,1.Its the same book as we wanted to find yesterday.这和我们昨天要找的那本书是一样的。2.Such girls as he knows are good at English.他所认识的女孩都擅长英语。3.Do you have such books as we like?你有我们喜欢的那种书吗？4.There is so warm a house as we want to live in.这里有如此暖和的房子，我们都想住在里面。5.He has so difficul
27、t a problem,as none of us can solve.他有如此难的一个问题，我们没有人能解决。,二、引导非限制性定语从句 as引导非限制性定语从句，意为“正如”“就像”“据”as has been said above 如上所说as anybody can see正像每个人所看到的那样as we had expected正如我们所预料的那样,as引导非限制性定语从句指代整个主句内容，从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，但由which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句后。1.As everyone knows,China is a beautiful country with a lo
28、ng history.每个人都知道，中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。2.The earth,as we know,moves round the sun.我们都知道，地球围着太阳转。3.Tom works hard and is willing to help others,as/which we all know.汤母工作努力，并且乐于助人，这一点我们都知道,as引导定语从句不是指代主句的整句话时，如果运用的是被动语态，be动词可省略，即“as+过去分词”，但which没有这种用法。He repeats that he is telling the story as seen by him
29、self at the time.I hope all the precautions against air pollution,as suggested by the local government,will be seriously considered here.,特殊的关系代词but的用法,but可被看作关系代词，引导定语从句，在句中作主语，在意义上相当于who/which/thatnot，即用在否定词或具有否定意义的词后，构成双重否定。Thereisnomotherbutlovesherchildren=There is no mother who doesnt love her
30、 children.没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。2.There is no rule in English but has exceptions.=There is no rule in English that does not have exceptions.英语中没有无例外的规则。,特殊的关系代词than的用法,than作关系代词时，一般用在形式为比较级的复合句中，其结构为形容词比较级than从句，than在从句中作主语或宾语，相当于that，代表它前面的先行词。在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单复数形式与先行词保持一致。1.We often advise him not to drink
31、more wine than is good for his health.(than在从句中作主语）我们经常劝他为了身体健康不要喝过量的酒。2.He smoked more cigarettes than he bought.(than在从句中作宾语）他吸的香烟比他买的要多。3.He smoked fewer cigarettes than were normally available.(than在从句中作主语）他吸的香烟比他弄到的要少。,名词性从句,在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句(Noun Clauses）名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等,P
32、oint out the function of each noun in the following sentences:1.The world loves nature.2.Knowledge is power.3.We Chinese are peace-loving.,subject,object,predicative,subject,subject,apposition,predicative,名词性从句在功能上相当于名词,主语,His job is important.,What he does is important.,表语,This is his job.,This is
33、what he does every day.,宾语,I dont like his job.,I dont like what he does every day.,同位语,I dont know about the man,Mr.White.,I dont know about the fact that he is a teacher.,名词性从句 noun clause,主语从句subject clause,宾语从句object clause,表语从句predicative clause,同位语从句appositive clause,根据从句在主句中语法功能的不同分为：,引导名词性从句
34、的连接词可分为三类：连接词：that,whether,if（不充当从句的任何成分，that 只在宾语从句中的某些情况下可省略，在其他从句中都不可省略）连接代词：what,who,whom,whose,which连接副词：when,where,how,why以及由它们加ever构成的词如：whatever,whomever,whenever,however还有所有带how 的词组如：how often,how many,how far,how much,主语从句在复合句中作主句的主语.引导词有连词that(that 不可省),whether;代词有who,what,which;副词 when,w
35、here,how,why 等.如:,1.That he is a famous singer is known to us.,2.When he will go to America is not yet fixed.,It 作形式主语,为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语，但主语从句的连接词没有变化。That he is a famous singer is known to us.(It is known to us that he is a famous singer.)When he will go to America is not ye
36、t fixed.(It is not yet fixed when he will go to America.),1.It+be+形容词 that从句,It is necessary/important/obvious thate.g.:It is certain that she will come here tomorrow.,2.It+be+-ed分词 that从句,It is reported that 据报道It is known to us all that.众所周知It has been decided that 已经决定e.g.:It is said that Mr.Bill
37、 has arrived in Shanghai.,it作形式主语的常见结构,注意：以下结构中谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”：It is necessary(important,natural,strange,etc.)that It is suggested(requested,proposed,desired,ordered,etc.)thate.g.:It is necessary that we(should)get up early.It is requested that we(should)be quiet in the hospital.,3.It+be+名词
38、that从句,It is common knowledge that 是常识It is a surprise that.令人惊奇的是It is a fact that 事实是It is no wonder that 难怪.e.g.:It is a pity that we cant go to Beijing with you.,4.It+不及物动词 that从句,It seems/appears that 似乎It happens that.碰巧It occurred to me that 我突然想起e.g.:It happened that I was out that day.,1).主
39、语从句一律用陈述句语序,即主语在前,谓语在后.例:误:When will he come is not known.,2).连接词that在主语从句中无实际意义,但不能省略.例:误:He will not come to the meeting this evening is true.,正:When he will come is not known.,正:That he will not come to the meeting this evening is true.,主语从句中语序与that的省略：,注意,主语从句中的“主谓一致”：,3).主语从句通常被看作一个整体,主句的谓语动词用单
40、数形式.,That they will come _certain.,4).What 引导主语从句时,主句谓语动词的单复数由表语的单复数决定.,What he wants _these books.What he wants _some water.,注意,is,are,is,We believe(that)he is honest.We told him why we came back.Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried.,宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语.引导词有连词that(that 常可省略),whether,if;
41、代词有who,what,which;副词 when,where,how,why 等.如:,一、连接词（引导词）1.当宾语从句是陈述句时（包括肯定句和否定句），连接词由that引导，因为that在从句中不作任何成分，也没有任何具体意思，因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略,Lin Tao feels(that)his own team is even better.She says(that)she wont take part in the sports meeting next Sunday.Jim thought(that)the train was like a big moving part
42、y.,宾语从句中的连接词that在以下三种情况下不能省略：（1）当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，第2个that不能省；He said(that)he would go there the next day and that his family wouldnt go there.（2）当that作介词宾语时，that不可省掉The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.（3）用it做形式宾语的宾语从句I think it necessary that you should read English alou
43、d.,在主句为动词be加某些形容词（如sorry,sure,afraid,glad等）作表语时，后面所跟的省略that的从句也可算是宾语从句,Im sorry(that)I dont know.Were sure(that)our team will win.Im afraid(that)he wont pass the exam.,2.当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，由连词whether或if引导（口语中常用if），因为if/whether翻译成：“是否”，具有一定的意义，所以不能省略,Lily wanted to know if/whether her grandma liked the han
44、dbag.Lets see if/whether we can find out some information about that city.She asked me if/whether she could borrow these books.,whether与if的辨用,表“是否”时，在下列情况下用whether。1.主语从句、表语从句中e.g.:Whether she will come is still a question.The question is whether she will come.2.Whether置于句首，不能换成if:e.g.:Whether this
45、is true,I cant say.3.介词后的宾语从句:e.g.:I worry about whether I hurt her feeling.,whether与if的辨用,4.在不定式前用whether:e.g.:He hasnt decided whether to go by bus or by train.5.whether or not 连在一起引导宾语从句时不用if:e.g.:I dont know whether or not I will stay.6.若用if会引起歧义时，则用whether：e.g.：Please let me know if you like th
46、e book.此句可理解为：Please let me know whether you like the book.If you like the book,please let me know.,3.当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，由连接代词（what,who,whom,which,whose）或连接副词（when,where,how,why）引导，因为连接代词或连接副词在从句中担任一定的句子成分，具有一定的意义，所以不可以省略,Do you know what he said just now?I dont remember when we arrived.I asked him where
47、I could get so much money.Please tell me who(whom)we have to see.Do you know what time the plane leaves?,二、时态1.如果主句是现在的时态（包括一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时），从句的时态可根 据实际情况而定，（包括一般现在时，一般过 去时，一般将来时，现在完成时等）,I know(that)he studies English every day.I know(that)he studied English last term.I know(that)he will study Eng
48、lish next year.I know(that)he has studied English since 1998.,2.如果主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时），那么从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）,I knew who lived here.I saw she was talking with her mother.He asked whether his father would come back tomorrow.He said that he had seen it.,3.当从句是客观真理，定义，公理，定
49、理 时用一般现在时。,The teacher said that the earth travels around the sun.,三、语序宾语从句的语序用陈述语序：连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分,1.When will he go to the library?His brother asks when he will go to the library.His brother asks when will he go to the library.,2.What does he want to buy?I dont know what he wants to buy.I dont know
50、 what does he want to buy.,四、否定转移think,believe,imagine,suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。我们认为你不在这。We dont think you are here.我相信他不会这样做。I dont believe he will do so.,五、it 作形式宾语it常可以放在动词think,find,consider,believe,feel,make等后作为形式宾语:We thought it good news that the fog had finally
