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1、Grammar,同位语从句,appositive clause,It is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.,WhetherJohnwilldothisexperimentremainsaquestion.,主语从句,Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.,宾语从句,主语从句,That is why today over 40%of Californians speak Spanish as a f
2、irst or second language.,表语从句,Pay attention to what the teacher said,介词的宾语从句,The news that our team has won the match is true.,同位语从句,名词性从句,名词性从句的连接词连接词：that,whether,if连接代词：what(ever),who(ever),whom,whose,which连接副词：when,where,how,why,1.that只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不充当成分，没有词义，在_从句中经常可省略。that引导_ 从句、_ 从句和_ 从句时,
3、that不可省略。2.连接副词有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语。,宾语,主语,表语,同位语,3.当从句缺少成分时，指物用what引导，指人用who/whom引导。,I dont know _ he likes.,What/who,(一)主语从句：在复合句中作主句的主语。为了避免主语过长，句子头重脚轻,通常用 It作形式主语代替主语从句。,1.What he wants to tell us is not clear.转换为it作形式主语：It is not clear what he wants to tell us.,(二)宾语从句：在复合句中作主句的宾语。,(三)表语从句：在复合句中作主句
4、的表语。表语从句一般结构是“主语连系动词表语从句”。接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。另外，常用的还有The reason is that、It is because、The reason why is that 和 It is why等结构。,That 属于从属连接词，在宾语从句中没有实际意义，只是起引导作用，常可以省略。,*We knew(that)he had made a mistake.,The reason is that _理由是我不相信他,It is because _那是因为他太蠢了。,The reason why _is that _你必须学习
5、英语的原因是英语越来越重要了。,It is why _这就是我们必须学习英语的原因。,I do not believe him.,he is too foolish.,you have to study English,it become more and more important.,we have to learn English.,语法精解(一),1.同位语the Appositive 同位语是句子成分的一种,它位于名词、代词后面,说明它们的性质和情况,它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。,同位语的表现形式有以下几种：(1)名词 Tom,our monitor,is a hand
6、some boy.(2)代词 I myself will do the experiment.(3)数词 She is the oldest among them six.,(4)名词词组Mr Smith,a football fan,often watches football games on TV.(5)从句 He told me the news that the plane had exploded.他告诉我飞机爆炸的消息。,The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
7、,We heard the news that our team had won.,They were worried over the fact that you were sick.,There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.,同位语从句,同位语从句：在复合句中作同位语的从句。同位语从句是对于抽象名词进一步解释，一般由that引导(同位语从句的that通常不能省略）,可以跟同位语从句的名词fact,news,doubt,hope,suggestion,idea,message,saying,decis
8、ion,question,answer,promise,truth,belief,thought,information,knowledge,opinion,plan,连词that引导同位语,We heard the news _our team had won.我们听到消息说我们队赢了。,The news _we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.明天放假的消息不实。,that,that,There is some doubt _he will come.他是否会来还不一定。,【注意】whether 可引导同位语从句，但if不能引导同位语从句
9、。,由whether引导同位语,whether,The question _should be the first has not been settled.谁应该是第一名的问题还没有定下来。,who,You can have no idea _he said.你根本想不到他说了些什么。,what,I have no idea _wine is the bestits a matter of personal taste.,由连接代词what,who,whom,whose,which引导,which,He had no idea _she left.,why,I have no idea _h
10、e will come back.,when,We havent yet settled the question _we are going to spend our summer vacation.,It is a question _he did it.,连接副词how，when，where，why引导同位语从句。,how,where,同位语从句在句中的位置,1.同位语从句一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。,The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen.,2为了保持句子平衡，同位语从句有时可以不
11、紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而被别的词语隔开，在语法上叫做分隔式同位语从句。,The story goes that she poisoned her husband.,同位语从句的语气,在表示建议、命令、请求、主张、目的、愿望等名词后面的同位语从句中，谓语动词必须采用虚拟语气结构，即：(should)+动词原形，句中的should可以省略。,Her suggestion is that we(should)give up the plan.她建议我们应该放弃这个计划。,He gave orders that the work(should)be started immediately.他发出指
12、示要立即开始工作。,（1）同位语从句相当于名词，它对其前的名词起补充说明或进一步解释其内容的作用；而定语从句的功能相当于形容词，它对其先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用。,同位语从句和定语从句的差异,The suggestion(that)she has put forward is very good.她提出的建议很好。(定语从句),The suggestion that we clean the classroom by turns is very good.我们轮流打扫教室，这个建议很好。(同位语从句),VS,（2）引导定语从句的that是关系代词，在从句中充当某种成分，作宾语时可省略；而引导
13、同位语从句的that是连接词，在从句中不作任何成分，也不能省略。,The fact(that)we talked about is important.我们所谈论的情况很重要。(定语从句，that作从句中介词about的宾语),The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.他的实验成功了，这使大家很高兴。(同位语从句，that在从句中不作任何成分),（3）同位语从句 所说明的名词与从句没有逻辑关系，在从句中不做任何成分；定语从句 所限定的名词是从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。,The news that
14、 they won the match is true.(同位语从句,news和从句没有逻辑关系)The news that you told us yesterday is true.(定语从句,news是told的宾语),（4）同位语从句与名词一般可变成一个完整句子,谓语动词用be的不同形式。He heard the news that their team had won.此句可以变为一个表语从句:The news was that their team had won.,1.I cant remember the question they gave at themeeting.2.T
15、hey were worried over the fact that you weresick.3.I could not believe the fact that he told meyesterday.,_,_,定语从句,_,_,同位语从句,_,_,定语从句,判断,1.Please put the medicines on the top of the shelf.Its _our children cant reach.A.what B.that C.where D.how 2._ makes his shop different is that it offers more per
16、sonal services.What B.WhoC.WhateverD.Whoever,单项选择,表语从句,主语从句,3.It depends on _ we have enough money.A.if B.whether C.that D.when4.Along with the letter was his promise _ he would visit me this coming Christmas.(2004春季上海)A.which B.that C.what D.whether,5._ is our belief that improvements in health car
17、e will lead to a stronger,more prosperous economy.A.As B.That C.This D.It,宾语从句,同位语从句,主语从句,1).The reason _ we didnt trust him is _ he has often lied2).I have no idea _ he has gone.3).She didnt tell the truth _ she managed to go abroad.4).It is still uncertain _he is coming or not.5).I wonder _ she re
18、fused my invitation.,用适当的连接词填空,why,where,that,whether,how,why,1.Mike made a promise _.(他将帮助我学习英语)2.That is_.那就是我想要对你讲的。3._is the best news I have heard this long time.你将来伦敦是长久以来我听到的最好消息。4.I hoped_.我曾希望我会成功。5.I have no idea_.我不知道他什么时候回来。,三、用名词性从句完成下列句子,that he would help me with my English,what I want to tell you,That you are coming to London,(that)I would succeed,when he will come back,Thank you！,
