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1、语法与词汇备考策略,代词 名词 数词,1 在使用两个以上的人称代词时 顺序是:第二人称 第三人称 第一人称,2 everyone后面不可以跟of短语 every one 就可以,3 以名词/动名词+介词（短语）/形容词/副词/动词不定式构成的复合名词，它的复数形式是将作为主要部分的名词或动名词变为复数 直接来源于短语或以可数名词结尾的复合名词的复数形式是将最后一个构词部分变为复数 以man 或者woman+名词构成的复合名词的复数形式是将两个组成部分全变成复数 以不可数名词结尾的复合名词无复数形式 如：homework,4 物质名词一般不可数，但用于表示各种不同品种时 几乎都可做可数名词 如：
2、different teas,5 当抽象名词前后有修饰语表示某一种或某一方面的抽象概念时 其前可加a/an,名词所有格要点：必须用s的场合,1 s属格用于表示时间，度量衡，价值的名词 之后 2 作为一个整体的词组在最后一个词加s 3 人或物为两人共有，在第二个名词后加s 4 当所有格后面的名词是人们熟悉的建筑物 如商店，住家，教堂，医院等，此名词常省略,5 复合名词在最后一个词后加s 6 当被修饰的名词后有同位语时，必须用s 7 当用来表示类别或属性时，要用s childrens shoes 儿童鞋,必须用of的场合,1 名词后跟有后置修饰语或同位语时 2 以定冠词加分词或形容词表示一类人时,
3、如果dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million前有基数词以表示确切数目时，都不能用复数形式 如果用来表示很多有不确切的数目时，须用复数，而且后面加of,表示顺序的两种方式：,1名词+基数词，不用冠词，如Chapter four 2 the+序数词+名词 如the Fourth Chapter,倍数增减的表示法,1 倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than2 倍数+as+形容词/副词+as 3 倍数+名词 4 动词+百分比或倍数 5 动词+to+数词 6 double/triple/quadruple+名词 7 动词+by+数词/百分比/倍数,分数分子为基数词，分母为序数
4、词 分母除了在分子为一的其他情况下为复数,百分比后接名词时加of,形容词 副词,1 前置修饰语的排列顺序 可以置于冠词前的形容词（all both such)-冠词，指示形容词，所有格形容词，不定形容词（a an the this your his any some)-基数词（one)序数词（first)-表示性质，状态，质量的形容词（good useful)-表示大小，长短，形状的形容词-表示年龄，新旧，温度的形容词-表示颜色的形容词-表示国籍，产地，区域的形容词-表示材料，用做形容词的名词-动名词，分词,2后置修饰语 由前缀a-构成的形容词,3形容词修饰由some-,any-,every-
5、,no-,-body,-one,-thing等组成的复合不定代词时，必须后置,4enough作形容词修饰名词时既可放前又可放后，但当它作副词修饰形容词或副词时，必须后置,5有些形容词本身就有比.年长，比.优等的意思 这些形容词后面用介词to 而不用than,6much too 作为副词短语修饰形容词或副词，不修饰名词,7more 不能用来修饰比较级,8与名词连用的more of a./as much of a./more of a.意为更像.,9as much of a.意为称得上，less of a 意为算不上,10none other than(不是别人，正是）=no other than
6、,11any/some/every与other连用时，其后若用可数名词，一般为单数,情态动词,1can 用于否定句cannot(help)but表示不能不，只能（but后跟不带to的动词不定式）2must 表示禁止，一定不要时的否定式为mustnt 当它表示有把握的推断时 意为一定 准是时 它的否定形式为cant 3need doing=need to be done 这个句型表示被动意味 4need not have done sth 表示本来没有必要做某事（经常考）,虚拟语气,It is(high/about/the)time.谓语动词用过去式 指现 在或将来的情况 表示早该做某事而现在已
7、经有点晚了 It is the first(second/third)time后的that从句中，谓语动词要用完成体来表示一种经验,as if/though 的虚拟要点,对当时事实的假设，从句谓语用过去式，be动词一律用were 对过去事实的假设，从句谓语用过去完成式 对未来事实的假设，从句谓语用would+动词原型,非谓语动词的其他考点,接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以，但在意思上有区别的动词的用法mean to do想要(做某事)propose to do 打算(做某事)mean doing意味(做某事)propose doing建议(做某事)forget to do忘记(要做的事)remem
8、ber to do记得(要做某事)forget doing忘记(已做的事)remember doing记得(已做过的事)go on to do继而(做另一件事)stop to do停下来去做另一件事go on doing继续(做原来的事)stop doing停止正在做的事regret to do(对将要做的事)遗憾 regret doing(对已做过的事)后悔,不定式的习惯用法,句型：cannot help but do cannot but docannot choose but do can do nothing but dohave no choice/alternative but t
9、o do上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。,动名词的习惯用法,be busy/active doing sth.have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.Its no good/use/picnic doing sth.have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth.spend/waste time doing sth.There is no point/sense/harm/use doing sth.cannot help doing sth.There
10、 is no doing sth.,there be 非谓语动词的用法,(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。如：The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语),(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用for there to be，做其他状语用there being。如：For there to be successful communication,there must be attentiveness and involvement in the d
11、iscussion itself by all present.(for there to be在句中做目的状语)It isnt cold enough for there to be a frost tonight,so I can leave Jims car out quite safely.(for there to be在句中做程度状语)There being no further questions,well stop here today.(there being做原因状语),(3)引导主语用for there to be。如：It is unusual for there to
12、 be no late comers today.(4)做除for外的介词宾语，用there being。如：He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought.,(4)做除for外的介词宾语，用there being。如：He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought.,.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式,含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句
13、表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。(1)连词but,but that,or,or else；副词otherwise,unfortunately等表示转折假设。如：A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger.Unfortunately,it was never done.Victor obviously doesnt know whats happened;otherwise he wouldnt have made such a stupid remark.,(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：w
14、ithout,but for,under more favorable conditions等。如：But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.,(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were+不定式完成式 或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：I intended to have called on you,but I was busy at that time.,(
15、4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：I should have called to make an airline reservation,but I didnt.,常用虚拟形式的句型,(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型：would rather would as soon as though supposehad rather would sooner as if supposingIf only It is(high)time that(从句中动词只用过去式)如：His wife would rather they didnt talk about the matter a
16、ny more.Id rather you went by train,because I cant bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.If I were in a movie,then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.My father always talks as though he were addressing a public meeting.,(2)If it were not for(与
17、现在事实相反)If it had not been for(与过去事实相反)相当于but for。如：If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.,(3)If only谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。如：If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.,(4)lest/for fear that/in case 从句谓语用(should+)
18、动词原形。如：The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.,(5)whetheror有时谓语用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法经常采用倒装结构。如：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions,be they Christian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,and so on.The business of each day,be it selling goods or shipping them,w
19、ent quite smoothly.,几个情态动词常考的句型,(1)may/might(just)as well“不妨，最好”，与had better相近。如：Since the flight was cancelled,you might as well go by train.,(2)cannot/canttoo“越越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannotover。如：You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.The final chapter covers organizational change and develop
20、ment.This subject cannot be overemphasized.,(3)usednt或didnt use to为used to(do)的否定式。,(4)should 除了“应该”一层意思外，大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：I didnt expect that he should have behaved like that.,有关比较级的特殊句型,(1)not so muchas与其说不如说The chief reason for the population growth isnt so much a rise in birth rates as a fall
21、in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.,(2)no/not any morethan两者一样都不The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach,for they are both controlled by the brain.There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take,any more than they can limit how much water you drink.,(3
22、)no/not any lessthan两者一样都She is no less beautiful than her sister.,(4)just asso.正如，也(用倒装结构)Just as the soil is a part of the earth,so is the atmosphere.,倒装,下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时，若置于句首，句子的主谓要部分倒装never,no,neither,not only,hardly,scarcely,little,seldom,rarely,not until,nowhere,at no time,on no account,i
23、n no respect,in no sense,by no means,in no way,no longer,no less,no more,no sooner than,under no circumstances,in vain,still less,以only修饰状语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装Only when you have obtained sufficient data can you come to a sound conclusion.,以下列副词或短语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装often,so,well,to such a degree,to such an
24、 extent,to such extremes,to such a point，many a time。如：So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.,以下列副词开头的句子，句子的主谓要全部倒装(1)出于修辞需要，表示方向的副词：out,down,in,up,away,on。如：Down jumped the burglar from th
25、e tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.(2)出于习惯用法：here,there,now,thus,hence,then。如：Now is your turn.There goes the bell.,让步从句的倒装,(1)as引导让步状语从句，必须采用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被强调的内容置于句首。如：Much as I have traveled,I have never seen anyone to equal her,in thoroughness,whatever the job.,(2)出现在句型be+主语+其他,
26、come what may中。如：Our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledgebe it scientific or artistic.The business of each day,be it selling goods or shipping them,went quite smoothly.Come what may,Ill be on your side.,比较从句的倒装,as,than引导的比较从句中，如果主语是名词短语且较长，经常采用倒装结构(不倒装也可以)。注意：这种结构主语一般为名词，如果
27、是代词则不倒装。如：Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce.Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.,as 与which用作关系代词的区别,(1)as与the same,such,so,as等关联使用。如：As the forest goes,so goes its animal life.,(2)as和which都可以引导非限定性定语从句，但as在句中的位置比较灵活，可出现在句首、句中、句末，而which只能出现在句末，尤
28、其是当先行词是整个句子时。如：As is true in all institutions,juries are capable of making mistakes.As is generally accepted,economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.,常见的这类结构有：,as has been said before,as has been mentioned above,as can be imagined,as is known to all,as has been announce
29、d,as can be seen from these figures,as might/could be expected,as is often the case,as has been pointed out,as often happens,as will be shown等。,but做关系代词，用于否定句，相当于whonot,thatnot这个结构的特点是主句中常有否定词或含有否定意义的词。如：There are few teachers but know how to use a computer.There is no complicated problem but can be
30、 solved by a computer.,复合句名词性从句,1.what/whatever的用法what是关系代词，它起着引导从句并在从句中担当一个成分这两个作用。如：They lost their way in the forest,and what made matters worse was that night began to fall.(what既引导主语从句又在从句中做主语)Water will continue to be what it is todaynext in importance to oxygen.(what既引导表语从句又在从句中做表语),2.whoever
31、和whomever的区别whoever和whomever相当于anyone who，用主格与宾格取决于其在从句中做主语还是做宾语。如：They always give the vacant seats to whoever comes first.(whoever在从句中做主语),有关同位语从句的问题,引导词通常为that,但有时因名词内容的需要，也可由whether及连接副词why,when,where,how引导。that不表示任何意义，其他词表示时间、地点、原因等。如：The problem,where I will have my college education,at home o
32、r abroad,remains untouched.,whether与if在引导名词性从句时的区别,(1)主语从句只能用whether引导；(2)whether一般多用于宾语从句的肯定式，而if引导的从句可以有否定式；(3)whether or not可以连在一起用，而if or not则不能，or not只能放在句末；,(4)whether可以引导介词宾语从句，if则不能；(5)宾语从句提至谓语前面时，只能用whether引导；(6)在question,ask后面一般只用whether，question的同位语从句也用whether引导；(7)后接不定式时，只能用whether。,让步状语
33、从句的常考知识点,(1)as 引导让步从句，要求用倒装结构，把强调的部分置于句首。如：Much as he likes her,he does get irritated with her sometimes.Humble as it may be,there is no place like home.,(2)while引导让步从句。如:Everybody cheats a little,some psychologists say,while others insist that most people are basically honest and some wouldnt cheat
34、 under any circumstances.,(3)复合连接词for all that和分词granting/granted(that)引导让步从句。如:Granted you have made much progress,you should not be conceited.For all that computers can provide us with great help,they shouldnt be seen as substitutes for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.,时间状语从句的常考知识点,(1)be
35、fore表示汉语的“只有/必须才能”。如:New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before they are fully accepted.,(2)when引导时间从句时，如果出现在后半句，则表示“这/那时突然”。如：I have just started back for the house to change my clothes when I heard the voices.,(3)when it comes to 是习惯用法，意为“当谈到时”。如：Doing your homework is a sure way to improve
36、 your test scores,and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests.,(4)名词短语、介词短语each/every time,the moment/second/minute,in the time,by the time起连词作用。如:I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into
37、 the room,for the first man I met asked sympathetically:“Are you feeling all right?”Mercurys velocity is so much greater than the Earths that it completes more than four revolutions around the Sun in the time it takes the Earth to complete one.,(5)副词directly,immediately,instantly,now引导时间从句,相当于as soo
38、n as。如:The policemen went into action directly they heard the alarm.,原因状语从句的常考知识点,(1)in that引导原因从句时,有时翻译成“是因为”、“就在于”。如:Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps
39、 us to find and correct our mistakes.,(2)now that表示“既然”;seeing that,considering表示“鉴于”、“考虑到”。如:Now that we have all the material ready,we should begin the new task at once.He did poorly in the examinations,considering how hard he had tried for them.Seeing that she is lawfully old enough to get marrie
40、d,I dont think you can stop her.,其他引导原因状语从句的连接词语还有:for the(simple)reason that,by reason that,on the grounds that,in as much as,in so far as等。,while,whereas 引导对比从句,如:While the teenage population in the United States has declined over the past decade,violent crimes committed by juveniles have sharply
41、increased.A baby might show fear of an unfamiliar adult,whereas he is likely to smile and reach out to another infant.,sothat,with the result that,so much so that 引导结果状语从句如:Over the years,a large number of overseas students have studied at that university with the result that it has acquired substan
42、tial experience in dealing with them.He himself believed in freedom,so much so that he would rather die than live without it.,in order that,in case,for fear that,lest(用虚拟语气)引导目的状语从句如:Give me your telephone number,in case I need your help.Helen listened carefully in order that she might discover exac
43、tly what John wanted.,where作为连接副词的一种用法,翻译为“在地方”如:In Japan,a persons capabilities are not forced into an inflexible specialty.Where there is willingness and intelligence,there is a place within the company to try and to succeed.,与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：,(1)by/between/up to/till+过去时间、since、by the time/when+表示过
44、去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.(表示1919年时已发生的情况),(2)by+将来时间、by the time/when+谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：By the time you arrive in London,we w
45、ill have stayed in Europe for two weeks.I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.,(3)by now、since+过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时,但在it is+具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如：The changes that had taken place in air tra
46、vel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.It is four years since John left school.,动名词做介词短语时下列短语中的to是介词,object to,resort to,react to,contribute to,look forward to,be accustomed to,be committed to,be e
47、xposed to,be subjected to,be devoted to,be dedicated to,be opposed to,be reconciled to,be contrary to,be(get)used to,come close to,get down to,give oneself up to,preferto,see to,set to,take to,in addition to,with regard to,with a view to,on the way to,下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义：deceased,departed
48、,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newly arrived,recently come,可以接不定式或动名词做宾语，但在意思上有区别的动词,mean to do想要(做某事)mean doing意味(做某事)forget to do忘记(要做某事)forget doing忘记(已做的某事)go on to do继而(做另一件事)go on doing继续(做原来的事),propose to do打算(做某事)propose doing建议(做某事)rem
49、ember to do记得(要做某事)remember doing记得(已做过的事)stop to do停下来去做另一件事stop doing停止正在做的事regret to do(对将要做的事)遗憾 regret doing(对已做过的事)后悔,动名词的习惯用法,be busy/active doing sth.have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.Its no good/use/picnic doing sth.have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth.spend/waste time doing s
50、th.There is no point/sense/harm/use doing sth.cannot help doing sth.There is no doing sth.,there be 非谓语动词的用法,(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。如：The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语),(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用for there to be，做其他状语用there being。如：For there to be succ
