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1、Abstract for Biomedical Journal,Function of abstractTypes of abstractStructures and contents of abstractTense,voice and person in abstractKey wordsWriting tips for abstractPatterns and structures in abstractTranslation,Function,“The function of the abstract of a scientific paper is to provide an ove
2、rview of the paper so that the readers know the main story and a few essential details of your work without reading the hole text of the paper.The abstract should make sense both when read alone and when read with the paper.”-URMSMJ 让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容，以补足文体信息的不足为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便中文科技文章的英文摘要还可以起到与外国同
3、行进行学术交流的作用,Type(1),根据内容的不同,摘要可分为以下三大类：报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要。1）报道性摘要(informative abstract)：也称信息型摘要或资料性摘要。其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论。通常,这种摘要可部分地取代阅读全文。2）指示性摘要(indicative abstract)：也称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要（descriptive abstract）或论点摘要（topic abstract）。一般只用二、三句话概括论文的主题,而不涉及论据和结论,多用于综述、会议报告等。此类摘要可用于帮助读者决定是否需要阅读全文。,T
4、ype(2),3）报道-指示性摘要(informative-indicative abstract)：以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中信息价值较高的部分,以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。,Indicative abstract example 1,Autonomously functioning thyroid adenoma in a male with thyroxine-binding globulin excess:a case reportA male with thyroxine-binding globulin(TBG)excess and an autonomously fun
5、ctioning thyroid adenoma is presented.The problem of diagnosing hyperthyroidism in the presence of TGB excess is discussed.The utility of the Thyrotropin-releasing hormone test(TRH)is emphasized.,Indicative abstract example 2,Late development of colorectal cancer subsequent to pelvic irradiationTwo
6、cases of irradiation-associated carcinoma of the colon are reported and literature reviewed.The clinical courses and operative difficulties in treating these patients are emphasized.The necessity for life-long follow-up examinations with proctoscopic and barium enema evaluations in high risk patient
7、s is stressed.Irradiation-associated carcinoma of the colon occurs almost exclusively in women,but should be investigated in patients of either sex who live for long periods after pelvic irradiation.,Type(3),资料性摘要：告诉读者研究的总体情况，使他们了解研究的目的、材料、方法、结果、结论以及存在的问题。资料性摘要分为传统型或非结构式（non-structured）和结构式(structur
8、ed)两大类型。据报道，现代医学期刊杂志论文中约有60%的资料性摘要采用结构式的写作格式。,Non-structured abstract example,Parenteral nutrition-induced gallbladder disease:A reason for early cholecystectomy Patients who receive long-term parenteral（不经胃肠的）nutrition have an increased incidence of both calculous and acalculous cholecystitis.【研究背景
9、用现在时表述】In an attempt to establish guidelines for clinical management of patients with TPN-induced gallbladder disease,we have reviewed the records of 35 patients who have undergone cholecytectomy for this problem since 1976 at the UCLA Medical Center.【目的用过去时或现在时表述】The mean age of the 23 adults and 1
10、2 children who had cholecystectomy was 29.1 years.Forty percent of these patients required emergency cholecystecotmy.【材料和方法-过去时表述】,Non-structured abstract example,The overall operative morbidity was 54 percent,and the hospital mortality was 11 percent.Significant factors contributing to this high ra
11、te of complications included a delay in diagnosis,especially in the young children,and increased operative difficulty due to extensive adhesions and intraoperative hemorrhage.【结果-过去时表述】Our analysis suggests that patients receiving long-term TPN should have a program of ultrasound surveillance for ga
12、llbladder formation,elective cholecystectomy when stones first appear,and consideration of cholecystectomy at the time of laparotomy performed for other reasons.【结论-时态视具体情况】Whether TPN-induced gallstones can be prevented through daily stimulated gallbladder emptying awaits results of future studies.
13、【前瞻性说明-现在时或将来时表述】非结构式摘要的主要缺点是：段落不明，给编辑、审稿、阅读及计算机处理带来诸多不便。,Full-structured abstract,1974年4月，加拿大McMaster 大学医学中心的Dr R Brian Haynes首先提出建立临床研究论文的结构式摘要。在 Dr Edward J Huth创导下，美国内科学记事（Annuals of Internal Medicine）在国际上率先采用了全结构式（full-structured）摘要。Haynes所提出的全结构式摘要包含8个要素：1.目的（Objective）：说明论文要解决的问题 2.设计（Design）
14、：说明研究的基本设计，包括的研究性质 3.地点（Setting）：说明进行研究的地点和研究机构的等级 4.对象（Patients,participants or subjects）：说明参加并完成研究的病人或受试者的性质、数量及挑选方法 5.处理（Interventions）：说明确切的治疗或处理方法 6.主要测定项目（Main outcome measures）：说明为评定研究结果而进行的主要测定项目 7.结果（Results）：说明主要客观结果8.结论（Conclusion）：说明主要结论，包括直接临床应用意义,Full-structured abstract example,Object
15、ives:To determine whether a computerized decision support system for initiation and control of oral anticoagulant improves quality of anticoagulant control achieved by trainee doctors Design:Randomized control trial Setting:District general hospital in North London Subjects:148 inpatients requiring
16、start of Warfarin(华法灵/苄丙酮香豆素)treatment Interventions:Management by trainee doctors(to achieve therapeutic range of international normalized ration of 2 to 3)with indirect assistance from computerized decision support system(intervention group)or without such assistance(control group)Main outcome mea
17、sures:Median time to therapeutic range,stable dose,and firast pseudoevent(excessive international normalized ratio after therapeutic range had been reached)and person time spent in the therapeutic range,Full-structured abstract example,Results:72 patients were randomized to the intervention group an
18、d 76 to control group.Median time to reach international normalized ratio of 2 was not significantly different in the two groups(3 days).Median time to achieve a stable dose was significantly lower in intervention group than in controls(7 days v 9 days,p0.01)without excessive overtreatment or undert
19、reatment with anticoagulant.Patients in intervention group spent greater proportion of time in therapeutic range,both as inpatients(59%v 52%)and outpatients(64%v 51%).Conclusions:The computerized decision support system was safe and effective and improved quality of initiation and control of Warfari
20、n treatment by trainee doctors.,Full-structured abstract,与非结构式摘要相比，全结构式摘要观点更明确（more explicitness），信息量更大（more information），差错更少（fewer errors），同时也更符合计算机数据库的建立和使用要求。但其缺点也是显而易见的，即烦琐、重复、篇幅过长,而且不是所有研究都能按以上8个要素分类的。于是更多的杂志扬长避短，采用半结构式（semi-structured）摘要。,Half-structured abstract,半结构式摘要也称为四要素摘要，包括：目的（objectiv
21、e/purpose/aim）、方法（methods）、结果（results）和结论（conclusion），例如：Purpose:Autopsy studies have shown that pregnancy results in physiologic pituitary（垂体的）enlargement.We used magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)to corroborate these findings in vivo.Patients and Methods:Based on gestational age,32 normal primigravid
22、(初产的)patients were divided into three groups:Group I(n=11),less than 12 gestational weeks;Group II(n=10),13 to 26 gestational weeks,and Group II(n=11),27 gestational weeks or more.The pituitary dimensions and volumes in these groups were compared with those in 20 healthy nulliparous（未经产的）women(contr
23、ol group).,Half-structured abstract,Results:MRI measurements showed a significant increase in pituitary volume in Group I,II and III when compared with the control group(p0.05).At the end of pregnancy,the hypothysis had increased 2.6mm in vertical,anteroposterior,and transverse dimensions,with overa
24、ll increase of 136 percent when compared with that of the control group.Conclusion:Baseline measurement of the normal enlargement of the pituitary gland that occurs during pregnancy could prove useful when evaluating pregnant patients with suspected pituitary tumors or lymphocytic hypothysitis.,Stru
25、cture and content,采用何种摘要形式要根据各杂志的具体要求而定。目前国内许多杂志正从非结构式摘要向半结构式摘要过度。在国外，为节省篇幅，有些期刊对上述结构式摘要进行了适当简化，如New England Journal of Medicine，采用背景（background）、方法（methods）、结果（results）、结论（conclusions）4个方面；The Lancet则采用背景（background）、方法（methods）、发现（findings）和解释（interpretation）4个方面。JAMA（The Journal of American Medic
26、al Association）的研究性论文基本上采用结构式摘要，其摘要的全部项目包括9项：背景（context）、目的（objective）、策划（design）、地点（setting）、参与者（participants）、介入手段（interventions）、主要措施（major outcome measures）、结果（results）、结论（conclusion）。作者可根据需要选用其中项目或将相关项目合并。无论是传统的一段式摘要，还是结构式摘要，实际上都是按照逻辑次序发展而来，没有脱离IMRAD的范畴。,Structure and content,一篇摘要并不一定非要包罗背景、目的、
27、策划、方法、结论等全部内容，其中研究过程与结果以及作者结论是关键性的。所以，有的资料性摘要只写研究过程与结果，或只写结论。但大多数资料性摘要同时写出这两方面的内容。置于研究背景与目的以及对未来的展望，相对来说比较次要，可随作者的需要决定。总之，没有一成不变得格局。,Informative abstract example 1,Low Dosage Clonidine in Menopausal FlushingIn an open evaluation of low-dose clonidine therapy in patients with symptoms of menopausal f
28、lushing,12 of 17 patients who completed the 12-week trial noted an improvement in their condition;this improvement was marked in eight patients.The greatest improvement was noted in the perimenopausal group of women whose dose requirement was 25mg three times a day.Postmenopausal women tended to be
29、more refractory to the therapy and required larger doses for the relief of symptoms.,Informative abstract example 2,Alcohol use,myocardial infarction,sudden cardiac death and hypertensionStudying coronary risk factors,this article concludes that:regular use of alcohol may protect against major coron
30、ary events;regular use of three or more drinks is probable risk factors for hypertension;the relations of alcohol use to coronary disease,hypertension and cardiomyopathy are disparate.,Informative abstract example 3,Malignant hypertension and cigarette smokingThe smoking habits of 48 patients with m
31、alignant hypertension were compared with those 92 consecutive patients with non-malignant hypertension.33 of the patients with malignant and 34 of the patients with non-malignant hypertension were smokers when first diagnosed.This difference was significant,and remained so when only men or black and
32、 white patients were considered separately.Results suggest that malignant hypertension is yet another disease related to cigarette smoking.,Informative abstract example 4,Impaired pancreatic polypeptide release in chronic pancreatitis with steatorrhoeaPancreatic polypeptide(pp)is newly discovered ho
33、rmonal peptide localized in a distinct endocrine cell type in the pancreas.PP circulates in plasma and in normal subjects levels rise substantially on the ingestion of food(mean rise 138 pmol/l).In 10 patients with chronic,Informative abstract example 5,Mammary cancer growth kinetics and intervals b
34、etween screeningThe purpose of this study was to consider the time interval for periodic mammographic screening for breast cancer.One hundred fifteen breast cancers occurring in,Informative abstract example 6,Angiosarcoma of the heartTwo cases of angiosarcoma of the heart are described.In one the tu
35、mor,which arose from the right atrium,Informative abstract example 7,Efficacy of calcifediol in renal osteodystrophyThe results are in agreement with previous reports on small numbers of patients.Although no direct comparison studies are available,it would seem that calcifediol offers some advantage
36、s over other forms of vitamin D therapy in these patients.Ultimately,comparative studies will be required to determine the relative efficacy and convenience of the various forms of vitamin D that are now being developed for use in patients.,Informative abstract example 7,Doctors and Patients:Gender
37、Interaction in ConsultationBackground:Method:Results:Conclusion:Medical students did not behave in a gender-neutral way in the consultation.There is a powerful interaction between a students gender and a patients gender.This warrants further investigation in the real clinical situation because it ha
38、s implications on the outcomes of the consultation.,Type(4),资料性摘要有时也掺杂描述性摘要的写法，即对部分内容不详细叙述，而是按通报性摘要的写法提示一下。,Informative-indicative abstract example,Modification and application of anterior skull base microsurgery with navigation systemObjective:To investigate the accuracy and safety of the modified
39、techniques in anterior skull base microsurgery with navigation system.Methods:Operation was performed upon 42 patients with benign and malignant tumor of anterior skull base involving both cerebral cranium.Arrangement was designed for stable maintenance of the headset with dynamic reference frame to
40、 avoid disturbance during emission of encoded infrared signal.Six reference points were used,distributed in the parietal,frontal,zygomatic,maxillary,and mastoid regions.The STN navigation system and SMN surgical,Informative-indicative abstract example,microscope navigator were used to provide virtua
41、l pointer,virtual approach route and virtual contour as an orientation for stereotaxic guidance during surgery.Results:The modified technique could keep the accuracy of surgical guidance within 1-1.5mm in comparison with the accuracy of 4mm or more by the original design,thus guaranteeing the safety
42、 of surgery.Conclusion:The modified techniques raise the accuracy and safety of anterior skull base microsurgery.However,the costs remain high.,Tense(1),摘要写作时所采用的时态应视表达内容而定，力求表达自然、妥当。写作中可大致遵循以下原则：1.介绍背景资料时，如果句子的内容为不受时间影响的普遍事实，应使用现在时；如果句子的内容是对某种研究趋势的概述，则使用现在完成时；如果句子的内容是对过去研究的描述，则用过去时。Pneumatic dilata
43、tion and surgical myotomy are the two principal methods for treatment of achalasia.The association between systolic blood pressure at admission,clinical characteristics,and outcomes in patients hospitalized for heart failure has not been well studied.,Tense(2),Previously,abnormalities in 5-HT recept
44、or binding in the madullae of infants dying form sudden infant death syndrome were identified,suggesting that medullary 5-HT dysfunction may be responsible for a subset of SIDS cases.2.在资料性摘要中，介绍本文的主题或内容用一般现在时表达。Three cases of rupture of the spleen are described.The diagnosis is discussed.Current op
45、inions concerning tumor biology and clinical characteristics of small cell undifferentiated bronchogenic carcinoma are reviewed.A series of 16 such patients is also presented.,Tense(5),3.目的主导时态：一般过去时。这是因为研究过程中所做的一切已成为过去，在着手研究前要确定的研究目的更应用过去时态。This study was undertaken toThe aim of this study was to c
46、orrelateIn the present study we sought to assess 如果采用“论文导向”，多使用现在式（如：This paper presents/describes）；如果采用“研究导向”，则使用过去式（如：This study investigated）,Tense(6),4.方法主导时态：一般过去时Researchers designed a questionnaire that inquired about diet and family and personal health historyand the result of surgery were s
47、tudied in 34 patients of hepatocellular carcinoma.We had concentrated on a vaccine candidate because of its potential in 方法中被动语态的使用频率较高,是因为描述研究方法时,涉及到实验材料、设备等，用这些词作主语，后面的胃语动词自然多用被动语态。,Tense(7),5.结果结果是摘要中最重要，也是最详尽的内容。结果部分主要叙述研究中所获得的资料及所观察到的现象，这一切均发生在作者撰写论文之前，常用一般过去时。如果是叙述客观存在或基本规律，可用一般现在时。These patie
48、nts had clinical remission after transplantation;the levels of immnoglobulins declined and complements rose up.,Tense(4),6.文章的结论源于结果，即是由具体“结果”抽象演绎出的一般性原理，按英语习惯，应该用一般现在时表达。叙述结论或建议时，还可以用臆测动词或may,should,could等助动词。The risk of acute renal failure in children is much less than the risk reported for adults
49、.We suggest that there are certain niche indications for blocking NF-kappaB in inflammatory bowel disease that offer particular promise.NO-cGMP signal pathway could greatly increase the open probability of the channels.但是，如果作者认为其研究结果不具有一般性而仅仅是本实验的结果，在结论部分可用一般过去时。,Voice and person(1),国际标准ISO214-1976(
50、E)文献工作-供出版及文献处理的文摘中指出：“尽量采用主动语态，因为主动语态有助于文字清晰、简洁及有力地表达。然而在提示性以及报道性摘要中，为强调动作承受者，也需被动态动词。”标准强调：“除非采用第一人称可避免语句结构繁琐累赘而更易于理解，一般应采用第三人称。”国际知名期刊Nature、Cell等尤其如此，其中第一人称和主动语态的使用十分普遍。究竟采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。,Voice and person(2),(1)英文摘要中，编者、著作者，无论单复数，常用复数第一人称We或Authors，以避免文字冗长及
