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1、Myers PSYCHOLOGY,Chapter 2 Neuroscienceand Behavior,Neural Communication,Biological Psychologybranch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behaviorsome biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists,neuropsychologists,behavior geneticists,physiological psych
2、ologists,or biopsychologistsNeurona nerve cellthe basic building block of the nervous system,Neural Communication,Dendritethe bushy,branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell bodyAxonthe extension of a neuron,ending in branching terminal fibers,throug
3、h which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glandsMyelin MY-uh-lin Sheath a layer of fatty cells segmentally encasing the fibers of many neuronsenables vastly greater transmission speed of neutral impulses,Neural Communication,Neural Communication,Action Potential a neural impulse;a
4、brief electrical charge that travels down an axongenerated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axons membraneThreshold the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse,Neural Communication,Neural Communication,Synapse SIN-apsjunction between the axo
5、n tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neurontiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleftNeurotransmitterschemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neuronswhen released by the sending neuron,neuro-transmitters travel across the s
6、ynapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron,thereby influencing whether it will generate a neural impulse,Neural Communication,Neural Communication,Serotonin Pathways,Dopamine Pathways,Neural Communication,Neural Communication,Acetylcholine ah-seat-el-KO-leen a neurotransmitter that,am
7、ong its functions,triggers muscle contractionEndorphins en-DOR-fins“morphine within”natural,opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure,Neural Communication,The Nervous System,Nervous System the bodys speedy,electrochemical communication system consists of all the nerve cells
8、 of the peripheral and central nervous systemsCentral Nervous System(CNS)the brain and spinal cordPeripheral Nervous System(PNS)the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system(CNS)to the rest of the body,The Nervous System,The Nervous System,Nerves neural“cables”containing many
9、 axonspart of the peripheral nervous systemconnect the central nervous system with muscles,glands,and sense organsSensory Neurons neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system,The Nervous System,Interneurons CNS neurons that internally communicate and
10、 intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputsMotor Neuronscarry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glandsSomatic Nervous Systemthe division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the bodys skeletal muscles,The Nervous System,Autonomic Nervous System the part of the pe
11、ripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs(such as the heart)Sympathetic Nervous System division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body,mobilizing its energy in stressful situationsParasympathetic Nervous System division of the autonomic ne
12、rvous system that calms the body,conserving its energy,The Nervous System,The Nervous System,The Nervous System,Reflexa simple,automatic,inborn response to a sensory stimulus,The Nervous System,Neural Networksinterconnected neural cells with experience,networks can learn,as feedback strengthens or i
13、nhibits connections that produce certain results computer simulations of neural networks show analogous learning,The Brain,Lesiontissue destruction a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue,Electroencephalogram(EEG),an amplified recording of the waves of elec
14、trical activity that sweep across the brains surfacethese waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp,The Brain,CT(computed tomography)Scana series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body;also call
15、ed CAT scanPET(positron emission tomography)Scan a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given taskMRI(magnetic resonance imaging)a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images tha
16、t distinguish among different types of soft tissue;allows us to see structures within the brain,PET Scan,MRI Scan,The Brain,Brainstem the oldest part and central core of the brain,beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skullresponsible for automatic survival functionsMedulla muh-DUL
17、-uh base of the brainstemcontrols heartbeat and breathing,The Brain,The Brain,Reticular Formationa nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousalThalamus THAL-uh-muss the brains sensory switchboard,located on top of the brainstemit directs messages to the sensory
18、receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla,The Brain,Cerebellum sehr-uh-BELL-um the“little brain”attached to the rear of the brainstemit helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance,The Brain,Limbic Systema doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the
19、border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheresassociated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex includes the hippocampus,amygdala,and hypothalamus.Amygdala ah-MIG-dah-la two almond-shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are
20、linked to emotion,The Brain,Hypothalamusneural structure lying below(hypo)the thalamus;directs several maintenance activitieseatingdrinkingbody temperaturehelps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary glandis linked to emotion,The Limbic System,The Limbic System,Electrode implanted in reward c
21、enter,The Cerebral Cortex,Cerebral Cortex the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheresthe bodys ultimate control and information processing centerGlial Cells cells in the nervous system that support,nourish,and protect neurons,The Cerebral Cortex,Frontal L
22、obes involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgmentsParietal Lobes include the sensory cortexOccipital Lobes include the visual areas,which receive visual information from the opposite visual fieldTemporal Lobes include the auditory areas,The Cerebral Cortex,The Cerebral
23、Cortex,Motor Cortexarea at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movementsSensory Cortexarea at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensations,The Cerebral Cortex,The Cerebral Cortex,Functional MRI scan shows the visual cortex activated as the subject lo
24、oks at faces,Visual and Auditory Cortex,Association Areas,More intelligent animals have increased“uncommitted”or association areas of the cortex,The Cerebral Cortex,Aphasiaimpairment of language,usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Brocas area(impairing speaking)or to Wernickes area(im
25、pairing understanding)Brocas Area an area of the left frontal lobe that directs the muscle movements involved in speechWernickes Area an area of the left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension and expression,Specialization and Integration,Specialization and Integration,Brain activity when
26、hearing,seeing,and speaking words,Brain Reorganization,Plasticitythe brains capacity for modification,as evident in brain reorganization following damage(especially in children)and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development,Our Divided Brain,Corpus Callosumlarge band of neural
27、fibersconnects the two brain hemispheres carries messages between the hemispheres,Corpus callosum,Our Divided Brain,The information highway from the eye to the brain,Split Brain,a condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers(mainly those of the co
28、rpus callosum)between them,Split Brain,“Look at the dot.”,Two words separatedby a dot are momentarily projected.,“What worddid you see?”,or,“Point withyour left hand to theword you saw.”,Disappearing Southpaws,The percentage of left-handers decreases sharply in samples of older people(adapted from C
29、oren,1993).,Brain Structures and their Functions,The Endocrine System,Endocrine Systemthe bodys“slow”chemical communication systema set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream,Neural and Hormonal Systems,Hormoneschemical messengers,mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands,that
30、are produced in one tissue and affect anotherAdrenal ah-DREEN-el Glands a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneyssecrete the hormones epinephrine(adrenaline)and norepinephrine(noradrenaline),which help to arouse the body in times of stressPituitary Glandunder the influence of the hypothalamus,the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands,
