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1、Appraisal:negotiating attitudes,The language of emotion,ethics and aesthetics,2.Definitions and basic structure 3.Details a.Attitude b.Amplification c.SourceApplication to analysis of a poem.Comment,Prof.J.R.MartinLife:J.R.Martin is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Sydney.His research i
2、nterests include systemic theory,functional grammar,discourse semantics,register,genre,multimodality and critical discourse analysis,focusing on English and Tagalog-with special reference to the transdisciplinary fields of educational linguistics and social semiotics.Professor Martin was elected a f
3、ellow the Australian Academy of the Humanities in 1998,and awarded a Centenary Medal for his services to Linguistics and Philology in 2003.,Recent publicationsWorking with Discourse:meaning beyond the clause(J R Martin&David Rose)The Language of Evaluation:appraisal in English.(J R Martin&P R R Whit
4、e)Shidonii Gakuha no SFL:Haridei Gengo Riron no Tenkai.Genre relations:mapping culture.(J R Martin&David Rose).Learning to write/reading to learn:scaffolding democracy in literacy classrooms.(David Rose&J R Martin).,1.Definitions and basic structure,Appraisal:is concerned with evaluation:the kinds o
5、f attitudes that are negotiated in a test,the strength of the feelings involved and the ways in which values are sourced and readers aligned.,评价理论是对人际功能所进行的横向和纵向的延伸,它主要研究个人如何运用语言去对事物做出评价,采取立场,从而调节主体间立场乃至意识形态立场。Martin指出,通过告诉听话人或读者对某些人和事物的感受,便可以利用评价资源去协商和调节社会关系。这就是说,评价理论所关心的是说话人利用其话语介入到语篇之中从而使语义随说话人的立
6、场而变化。运用评价理论可以分析作者和说话者的态度和立场。,韩礼德和哈桑致力于从社会学的角度研究语言的三大元功能:概念功能、人际功能和语篇功能。然而他们却忽略了对谈话人的赋值语义(semantics of evaluation)的研究(王振华,2001)。澳大利亚语言学家马丁()进一步发展了系统功能语法,在原有的基础上创造性地提出了评价系统。此系统是一个人际意义系统,人们可利用它来领会各种社会关系。它涉及文本所揭示出来的各种态度,各种情感的强度以及确定各种价值来源的手段(Martin 2001:19)。,2.Definitions and basicstructure,Negotiation a
7、ttitude:Appraisals are interpersonal kinds of meanings,which realize variation in the tenor of social interactions enacted in a text.People use the resources of appraisal for negotiating social relationships,by telling our listeners or readers how we feel about things and people(in a word,what our a
8、ttitudes are.).Appraisal consists of three aspects:attitude,amplification,and source.,2.Definitions and basic structure,three aspects of appraisal.Attitudes:indicates what people appraise,including evaluating things,peoples character and their feelings.In other words,there are three types of attitud
9、es:expressing emotion,judging character and valuing the worth of things.Amplification:indicates how we feel about the degree of the appraisal.Evaluations can be more or less intense,that is they may be more or less amplified.It covers force and focus.Engagement:indicates the source of the appraisal.
10、And the attitude may be the writers own or it may be attributed to some other sources,via projection,modalization,or concession.,2.Definitions and basic structure,Examples:1.He was working in a top security structure.(valuing the worth of things)2.It was the beginning of a beautiful relationship.(va
11、luing the worth of things)3.A bubbly,vivacious man who beamed out wild energy.Sharply intelligent.(judging character)4.Even if he was and Englishman,he was popular with al the Boer Afrikanners.(judging character)5.And all my girlfriends envied me.(expressing emotion)6.I was torn to pieces.(expressin
12、g emotion)7.wild energy.Sharply intelligent.(amplification)8.And all my girlfriends envied me.(engagement),Attitudes,We discuss the three kinds of attitudes:affect:judgment,and appreciation;1.Affect:expressing our feelings People express their feelings in discourse in two general ways:positive and n
13、egative;directly and implied.Affect can be positive or negative and that it can be realized directly or indirectly.1)positive and negative;people can have good feelings and bad feelings.for example,satisfied,respect,wish;pain,bitterness,feared,etc.We are ecstatic.They would become restless.,Attitude
14、s,2)a.directly:emotions can described in different ways.First,speaker refers to a emotional state,using words that name specific emotions:.for example:torn to pieces,pain,ecstatic,feared,worried,etc.Second is physical expression:speaker refers to emotion physically,describing behavior that also dire
15、ctly expresses emotion;for example:withdrawn,press his face into his hands,shake uncontrollably to express fear,etc.,Attitudes,b.implicit:the speaker describes unusual behavior to express feelings indirectly.For example,drink too much,wander from window to window,just staring in front of him.metapho
16、r is another way to express feelings indirectly.For example,ice cold in a sweltering night;eyes bewildered,but dull like the dead.Question:what about neutral?,Attitudes,Judging peoples character,2.Judging peoples character:we judge peoples character from two perspectives:personal judgments of admira
17、tion or criticism and moral judgments of praise or condemnation,both can be positive or negative and explicitly or implicitly.1)Personal judgment means to comment on the behavior of people.It can also be positive(admiring)and negative(criticizing);for example,Helena describes her first love with wor
18、ds:energetic,intelligent,popular to show her admiration to him directly and phrase as working in a top security structure to judge his character indirectly.,Judging peoples character,2)moral judgments can be made positive or negative:it can also be made directly and indirectly.a.Helena condemns her
19、leaders for their dishonesty and inhumanity Our leaders are too holy and innocent.And faceless.What else can this abnormal life be than a cruel human rights violation?.b.Helena praises the leaders of their courage:At least their leaders have the guts to stand by their vulture,to recognize their sacr
20、ifices.With admiration and criticism,moral judgments can also be made directly or implied.Metaphor plays a role in judging character:And today they all wash their hands in innocence.,Appreciating things,Appreciating things:things can be appreciated positively or negatively.Appreciating things includ
21、es evaluation of different kinds of things,as well as relationships,quality of life and even semiotic things.The following are the appreciation of things in Helenas narrative.Positive a beautiful relationship a very serious issue healing of breaches restoration of broken relationships negative my un
22、successful marriage a frivolous question broken relationships the community he or she has injured,The borderline of character and value:there are several instances of attitude in our texts that could perhaps be analysed as either judgment of character or appreciation of things.These bring us to the
23、border of character and value.It is important to take co-text into consideration,rather than analysing simply item by item.,Amplification,Amplification:degree of the appraisalOne distinctive feature of attitude is that attitudes are gradable.This means that we can express how strongly we feel about
24、someone or something.Two kinds of amplification:1:force:turning the volume up and down Words that intensify meaning:somewhat/fairlly/quite/really/sharply/extremely intelligent Words that include degrees of intensity:happy/delighted/ecstatic.2.focus:sharpening or softening categories of people and th
25、ings:about/exactly;real/sort of/kind of,Amplification,Amplification,Sum-up:amplifying attitude involves a set of resources for adjusting how strongly we feel about people and things.Technically we refer to these resources as force.We use them to turn the volume up or down.Grading experiential bounda
26、ries involves resources that that sharpen or blur apparently categorical distinctions.Technically these resources are referred to as focus.They make cut and dried distinctions negotiable.Technically these resources are referred to as graduation.,Source of attitudes:,Source of attitudes:who are the e
27、valuation coming from?One can express their own opinion,that means he is responsible for all of the evaluation.However,he can also explicitly introduce other peoples voice by quoting or reporting what other people said.,Source of attitudes,This potential for sourcing what is said was one of the fact
28、ors that got the Russian linguist Bakhtin thinking about the dialogic nature of discourse,even in text we traditionally think of as monologues.Two terms Heterogloss:the source of attitude is other than the writer Monogloss(single voice):the source is simply the author,Source of attitudes,Three types
29、 of heterogloss:1.Projection:quote or report what people say or think,through projection then we can introduce additional sources of evaluation.We can choose from projection over and over again to explore the source of sources,and the source of the source of sources.,Source of attitudes,Four ways to
30、 attribute sources:as projecting clauses,as names for speech acts,as projecting within clauses,as scare quotes.I know where everything began.My story begins in my late teenage years as a farm girl.Many of those who have come forward had previously been regarded as respectable members of their commun
31、itiesAbruptly mutter the feared word trip and drive off.,Source of attitudes,Modality:Alongside projection,another way of introducing additional voices into a text is via modality.Hallidaly describes modality as a resource which sets up a semantic space between yes and no,a cline running between pos
32、itive and negative poles.At each pole of scales of modality is the choice of positive or negative polarity.Modality doesnt take voice on and deny them;it opens up a space for negotiation in which different points of view can circulate around an issue,a space perhaps for mediation and possible reconc
33、iliation.,Source of attitudes,Five types of modality to negotiate information and services:usuality,probability,obligation,inclination and ability.,Source of attitudes,Concession:known as counterexpectancy,adjust and monitor readers expectation.Concessives:conjunctions that adjust and monitor expect
34、ation,eg:but,even if etc.I cant handle the man anymore!But,I cant get out.Continuatives:these are like conjunctions but they occur inside the clause,rather than at the beginning.eg:already,finally,still,etc.,Sum-up:What we have are three main appraisal systems:attitude,amplification and source.Attit
35、ude comprises affect,judgment and appreciation:our three major regions of feeling.Amplification covers grading,including force,and focus:force involve the choice to raise or lower the intensity of gradable items,focus the option of sharpening or softening an experiential boundary.Source covers resou
36、rce that introduce additional voice into a discourse,via projection,modalization or concession:the key choice here is one voice or more than one voice.Technically,sourcing resources are referred to as engagement.,Prosody and genreAppraisal resources are used to establish the tone or mood of a passag
37、e of discourse,as choices resonate with one another from one moment to another as a text unfolds.The pattern of choices is thus prosodic.They form prosody of attitude running through the text that swells and diminishes,in the manner of musical prosody.The prosodic pattern of stance or voice defines
38、the kind of community that is being set up around shared values.In everyday language,these stances are often discussed as ranging along a scale from more objective to more subjective.,As texts unfold they try to move us in different ways,to form different relationship with us,to commune with us strategically.,
