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1、Chapter 3,Morphology(形态学),3.1 introduction,She went to bookshop yesterday.（a sentence）She,went,to,Bookshop,yesterday(words)Unfriendly(a word)-un-,friend,-ly(word-like elements),morphology:the study of the internal structure,forms and classes of words.,3.2 morphemes(语素),A morpheme is a minimal unit o
2、f meaning or grammatical function.(It is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language,not divisible and analyzable into smaller forms.)e.g:blackboard(two morphemes:black and board)friendly(two morphemes:friend and-ly)likes(two morphemes:like and-s),morpheme,Free morpheme,Bound morpheme,3.2.1
3、free morphemes自由语素,A word must contain an element that can stand by itself called a free morpheme.Such an element called a root.e.g,talk book computer on if,Lexical morphemes词汇语素,Functional morphemes功能语素,The set of ordinary nouns,verbs,and adjectives(bag hate cute),Functional words are like conjunct
4、ions,articles,prepositions and pronouns(and the in he),free morphemes,Stem词干,When free morphemes are used with bound morphemes,the basic word-form involved is technically known as the stem.,3.2.2 bound morphemes粘着语素,Some morphemes cant normally stand alone,but function only as parts of words are cal
5、led bound morphemes.They are actually affixes.(-ment,-er.in-,-ing),affixes,Prefixes(they are joined in the beginning of the root or stem)e.g.im-,un-,Suffixes(they are joined in the end of the root or stem)e.g.-ment,-ly,-less,词缀,前缀,后缀,bound morphemes,Derivational morphemes:they are used to make words
6、 grammatical category from the stem.(-ness,-ment,Im-)派生语素,Inflectional morphemes:they are to show aspects of the grammatical function of a word.all has only 8 Inflectional morphemes.屈折语素,1n+s(possessive)2n+s(plural)3v+s(3rd person present singular)4v+ing(present participle),5v+ed(past tense and past participle)6v+en(past participle)7adj+er(comparative)8adj+est(superlative),morphemes,Free morphemes,bound morphemes,Lexical morphemes,Functional morphemes,Derivational morphemes,Inflectional morphemes,MeaningfulnessUnderstatementSupernaturalMoonscapewhen,end,
