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1、The History of English,Watch a Video and answer the following questions:,What remaked the beginning of the English history?The invasion of three Germanic tribes-Anglo,Saxon,and Jute.Which language did Norman Conquerors brought?FranceHow many words does English brought from Norse?about 2000,The Histo
2、ry of English,1.Proto-English(700B.C.449A.D.)2.Old English(449A.D.1100)3.Medieval English(1100A.D1500)4.Modern English(1500A.D.present),Proto-English(700B.C.449A.D.),Native peaple Celts-Celtic(凯尔特语）Roman invasion-Latin,Celts-Celtic(凯尔特语）,the earliest language used in Great Britain is Celtic which la
3、ter almost disappear,yet some of them still exist in modern English.bin（箱）,cradle（摇篮）,dun（讨债）,crag（险崖），curse（诅咒）,loch（湖）,cross（十字架）etc.,Roman Invasion-Latin,in 55 B.C,Rome empire Julius Caesar invaded Britian The Romans brought Latin to Britain,which was part of the Roman Empire for over 400 years.B
4、ut early English did not develop mainly from Latin.,Julius Caesar 恺撒大帝,Old English（）,the Anglo-Saxon Invasion-Old Englishthe Roman Missionaries-Latinthe Viking(维京人）Invasion-Norse（诺尔斯语）,the Anglo-Saxon Invasion,The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic trib
5、es-the Anglos,the Saxon,and the Jutes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD,and then their language called Old English or Anglo-Saxon began to be used.The Anglos came from Englaland and their language was called Englisc-from which the words England and English are derived.,Roman and Latin,In
6、 the sixth century,the Roman missionaries brought Christianity to the Germanic tribes(mainly the saxon).The English language adopted many words from Latin,the official language of the church.,Latin words,Latin provided not only religious vacabularye.g,abbot（男修道院院长）,altar（祭坛）,hymn（圣歌）,pope（教皇）,priest
7、（神父）etc.But also a surprising number of what are now everyday wordse.g.candle,cap,school,spend etc.,the Invasion of VikingNorse,the Vikingthe Vikings were men who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north Western Europea from the 8th to the 11th centureis,In the late 8th c
8、entury,the Vikings attacked England.Fighting continued for almost two hundred years.English borrowed about 2000 words from Norse languages.,For Example:,Many words begining with sc-/sk-are borrowed from scandinavian languagese.g.score,scorch,skill,skin,sky,Other Verbs,Nouns:birth,bull,gap,quest,leg,
9、egg,sister,skin;Pronouns:both,some,their,them,they;Preposition:fro,till;Adverbs:aloft（在空中）,seemly;Adjectives:flat;Conjunctions:though;Verbs:are,call,die,drown,get,give,lift,take,Literature,Part of Beowulf贝奥武甫,a poem written in Old English.,About half of the most commonly used words in Modern English
10、 have Old English roots.The words be,strongandwater,for example,derive from Old English.Old English was spoken until around 1100.,Medieval English(1100A.D1500),Norman invasion-Frenchthe Statues of Englishthe Changes of English,Norman Invasion,In 1066，the Norman Invasion(William the Conqueror)started
11、 a continual flow of French words into English.,French Loan Words:Adjectives,ableactiveactualbriefcalmcertainclearcommoncontrarycourageouscruelcuriouseagereasyfaintfiercefinalfirmforeigngentlehasty,French Loan Words:Verbs,adviseaimallowapproacharrangearrivebetraychangechaseservecomfortcomplainconcea
12、lconsidercontinuecountdeceivedestroydeclaredefeatdelaydesireenjoyenter,French Loan Words:Nouns,actionadventurenumberageairpairbucketcalendarpersoncarpentercitypowdercoastcomfortrivercostcountrysigncouragecowardopinion,Verbal Affixes,Verbal prefixesinter,counter,re,trans,anti,dis,Verbal suffixesable,
13、ible,ent,al,ous,ive,French Influence,Approximately 10,000 French(and Norman)loan words entered Middle English.Standard French retained the status of a formal and had a significant influence on the language today.For example,most modern English speakers consider a cordial reception(from French)to be
14、more formal than a hearty welcome(from Germanic).,Deep Class Rift,Three languages existing simultaneously continued for over a centuryFrench by the officials,Latin by church or universities,English by the English common people,the Statues of English,English literature reappeared after 1200,when a ch
15、anging political climate and the decline in Anglo-Norman made it more respectable.The Provisions of Oxford牛津条约,released in 1258,was the first English government document to be published in the English language after the Norman Conquest.,In 1362,Edward III became the first king to address Parliament
16、in English.John Wycliff s translation of the Bible into English the writings of Chaucer,Langland(English poet)in English and others.By the end of the century,even the royal court had switched to English.,The Changes,The English language changed enormously both in grammar and in vocabulary.Grammar di
17、stinctions were lost as many noun and adjective endings were leveled to-e.The older plural noun marker-en largely gave way to-s,grammatical gender was discarded.English spelling with the/and/sounds being spelled th rather than with the Old English letters(thorn)and(eth),Modern English(1500A.D.presen
18、t),1.Early Modern English(1500-1800)2.Late Modern English(1800-present),Early Modern English(1500-1800),the Great Vowel ShiftRenaissance and ShakespeareThe invention of printing English dictionaryThe King James Bible,The GVS(元音大推移）,Towards the end of Middle English,a sudden and distinct change in pr
19、onunciation(the Great Vowel Shift)started,with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter.,Renaissance and Shakespeare,He expanded the scope of English literature by introducing new words and phrases,experimenting with blank verse,and also introducing new poetic and grammatical structures.,William
20、Shakespeare invented about 2000 new words and phrases in Renaissance.For example:eyeball.anchovy.puppy-dog;dauntless无谓的，besmirch糟蹋lacklustre死气沉沉；alligator,crocodile;hobnob对饮,Books became cheaper and more people learned to read.Printing also brought standardization to English.Spelling and grammar bec
21、ame fixed,and the dialect of London,where most publishing houses were,became the standard.,The Invention of Printing,William Caxton,The Dictionary of the English Language was the first full featured English dictionary.To a high degree,the dictionary standardized both English spelling and word usage.
22、,The Dictionary of the English Language,Samuel Johnson,the King James Bible1611,a new translation of the Biblebegate a whole glossary of metaphorand moralityshape the way English is spoken today,Late Modern English(1800-Present),the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words;t
23、he English language adopted foreign words from many colonies.English variation,the Industrial Revolution and Technology,Many more new words were coined for the new products,machines and processes that were developed at this time e.g.train,pulley（滑车）,combustion（氧化）,piston(活塞）,hydraulic（液压的）,condenser
24、（电容器）,electricity,telephone,telegraph,lithograph（平版印刷）,camera,etc.,New words created by combination were particularly popular e.g.railway,horsepower,typewriter,cityscape,airplane,etc.,British Empire,During the 19th century,due to the expansion of the British empire,English speakers borrowed words fr
25、om hundreds of the different language.they typically only borrowed words for things that were new to them,such aslocal foods(yam,banana)anmals(skunk,moose)tools(boomerang）weather phenomena(typhoon,)places(Chicago,Michigan),Colonial Expansion,Varieties of English-American English,From around 1600,the
26、 English colonization of North America resulted in the creation of a distinct American variety of English.American English is more like the English of Shakespeare than modern British English is.,Today,some 4,000 words are used differently in the USA and Britain lift/elevator,tap/faucet,bath/tub,curt
27、ains/drapes,biscuit/cookie and boot/trunk American usage is driving out traditional words and phrases back in Britain e.g.truck for lorry,airplane for aeroplane,etc.,American spelling is also becoming more commonplace in Britain e.g.wagon for waggon,reflection for reflexion,etc.,Today,American Engli
28、sh is particularly influential,due to the USAs dominance of cinema,television,popular music,trade and technology(including the Internet).,Internet English,New internet wordsdownload(1980);toolbar(1991);firewar(1990);blog(1990);poke(2004)AbbreviationIMHO（in my humble oppion)BTW(by the way)(FYI)for yo
29、ur imformationug2bk(you ve got too bee kiding)你太夸张了,But there are many other varieties of English around the world,for example Australian English,New Zealand English,Canadian English,South African English,and Indian English.etc.,English became colorful,graceful and rich for the vocabulary was expended largely with many Latin and French word.English kept its pure,plain and developed its own individuals,for the clarity of sentence structure,and progress of grammar.,
