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1、非谓语动词,定义 构成 用法,Ms.White is showing her students some books _ from the library(2010,课标全国,27)A.to borrow B.to be borrowed C.borrowed D.borrowing,With Fathers Day around the corner,I have taken some money out of the bank _ a gift for my dad.(2010,山东,15)A.to buy B.buy C.buying D.to be bought,_ the city
2、centre,we saw a stone statue of about 10 meters in height(2010,上海,9)A.Approach B.Approached C.To approach D.Approaching,非谓语动词是指在一个句子中不做谓语的动词.非谓语动词具有动词特性-表示动作，但不能作谓语，因为他不是句子要表达的主语所发出动作，或主语的身份，状态，属性。,非谓语动词定义,We intend to watch a film laterI saw Tom washing his car this morning,只有动词 或 动词短语 能作谓语,或者实义动词,
3、或者系动词,动词不定式 动名词 分词,非谓语动词构成,现在分词,过去分词,非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，但可以有自己的宾语，状语等成分,We intend to watch a film laterI saw Tom washing his car this morning,非谓语动词用法,非谓语动词用法,1 动词不定式,动词不定式由 to+动词原形 构成.否定形式为 not to+动词原形动词不定式在句中可以作除谓语之外的任何句子成分。动词不定式一般带有目的和将来的语气,We intend to watch a film later,I have taken some money out o
4、f the bank to buy a gift for my dad,动词不定式在句中起 名词,形容词 或 副词 的作用,1 动词不定式,因此，动词不定式在句子中可以做:主语,宾语,定语,表语,状语 和 补语,动词不定式的形式一般是to+动词原形，to有时要省去*。,主语：宾语：定语：,动词不定式在句子中的各种成分,To learn a new language requires hard workingIt requires hard working to learn a new language,We are planning to leave They intend to attack
5、 in the second half,The plane to land came from Germany.The book to be published next the week is about China.,分别记住接动名词和不定式作宾语的动词,表语：状语：补语：,动词不定式在句子中的各种成分,His job is to protect you He appears to have caught a cold,She went to Bei Jing to protect you They were very sad to hear the newsThe bag is too
6、heavy for him to carryI visited him only to find him out,形容词之后，动作同时,在副词only,never之后,The boss told Tom to ring Mr.Lee at 3pmHe begged me not to tell anybody about this,省去 to 的不定式结构,1 动词不定式,1 在固定词组had better之后。否定形式是 had better not do sth,You had better go home now.,Youd better go home now.,Its cold ou
7、tside.Youd better not go out.,2 在let,urge,make,等使役动词后，要跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。*,I made him give me the money back.,They let him talk.,1 动词不定式,在使役动词 的被动语态中，to 不可以省略。,I made him give me the money back.,He was made to give me the money back.,They let him talk.,He was let to talk.,动词不定式的时态和语态,时态,语态,动词不定式的时态,
8、1 一般式：动词不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.,I am glad to meet you.,I hope to see you again soon.,We are planning to visit the Great Wall.,1 动词不定式,2 进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,动词不定式的时态,The boy pretended to be working,They seemed to be arguing over something,1 动词不定式,3 完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。,动词不定
9、式的时态,He seems to have caught a cold.,He seemed to have caught a cold.,I am glad to meet you.,I am glad to have met you.,1 动词不定式,动词不定式的时态,4 完成进行式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，且动作带有持续性,She was said to have been living here for many years.It is a real honor for me to have been working with you,1 动词不定式,动词不定式的语态,
10、1 一般式被动语态：It is a real honor for me to be invited to this party,1 动词不定式,2 完成式被动语态：This English novel is said to have been translated into Chinese,动词不定式的用法,作主语,To finish the work in ten minutes is impossible,To obey these company regulations is necessary,To win a Olympic gold medal requires hard work
11、ing,1 动词不定式,动词不定式的用法,作主语,动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后,To finish the work in ten minutes is impossible,To obey these company regulations is necessary,To win a Olympic gold medal requires hard working,It is impossible to finish the work in ten minutes,It is necessary To obey these company regula
12、tions,It requires hard working to win a Olympic gold medal,1 动词不定式,It作为形式主语常用句式有：1 It+be+名词+to do 2 It takes sb.+some time+to do 3 It+be+形容词+for sb+to do 4 It+be+形容词+of sb+to do 5 It seems/seemed(appears/appeared)+形容词+to do,动词不定式的用法,1 动词不定式,Its our duty to take good care of the children.,It took me
13、five days to write this article.,1 It+be+名词+to do句型常接 a pity,an honor,a pleasure等词,2 It takes sb.+some time+to do,Its a real honor to be here,It作为形式主语,1 动词不定式,3 It+be+形容词+for sb+to do 句型常接表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等,It is difficult for me to eat all these orange
14、s.,To eat all these oranges is difficult for me.,It作为形式主语,1 动词不定式,4 It+be+形容词+of sb+to do 句型常接careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。这一句式等于：sb is+形容词+to do句式,Its very kind of him to help us,He is very kind to help us,It作为形式主语,1 动词不定式,It seems/seemed(appe
15、ars/appeared)+形容词+to do,5 It作为形式主语,It seems very hard to open this door,To open this door seems very hard,1 动词不定式,It appears impossible to find him,To find him appears impossible,注意：不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，只能用tois to.不能用A is to的句型 To see is to believe.Seeing is to believe It is to
16、believe to see.,动词不定式,1 动词不定式,英语句式平衡,动词不定式在句中可起名词,形容词或副词的作用,动词不定式,因此，动词不定式在句子中可以做:主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语 和 补语,动词不定式作宾语,1 以下动词只能跟不定式作宾语,The driver failed to see that car in time.,They offered to help me,afford（付得起），agree（同意），aim(力求做到)，appear（显得），arrange（安排），ask（要求），attempt（试图），care（想要），choose（决定），claim（声称），c
17、ondescend（屈尊），consent（准许），decide（决 定），demand（要求），determine（决心），endeavor（竭力），expect（期待），fail（未履行），help（帮 助），hesitate（犹豫），hope（希望），learn（学会），manage（设法），neglect（疏忽），offer（主动提 出），plan（计划），prepare（准备），pretend（假装），proceed（接着做），promise（答应），prove（证 明），refuse（拒绝），resolve（解决），seem（觉得好像），swear（发誓），tend（往往会），th
18、reaten（威胁），undertake（承诺），volunteer（自愿做），vow（发誓），want（想要），wish（希望）,teach,decide,know,consider,forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,find out,explain,tell,2 动词不定式作以下动词的宾语时，不定式的可以带一些疑问词（when,how,where,which,what,who）构成主语+谓语动词+疑问词+不定式 结构,动词不定式作宾语,She teaches how to use computersWe have not de
19、cided where to go,动词不定式作宾语,3 动词不定式在动词 find,consider,think,feel,make,等动词后做宾语时，先用形式宾语 it 代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，构成主语+动 词+it+补语+to do句式,He feels it his duty to help the poor.I find it difficult to learn English well.,动词不定式作宾语,4 动词不定式在介词 but,except,besides,等介词后面时，如果介词前面有 行为动词 do 或者 doing,did 等 do 的各种形式时,那么后面的
20、不定式要省略 to,They did nothing but wait hereYou have no choice but to go,The teacher made no comment except to tell them to work hardThe teacher did not make any comments except tell them to work hard,动词不定式作宾语,5 动词不定式在固定短语 cant choose but.,cant help but.,后面时不定式要省略to,I can not help but do what he wantShe
21、 could not choose but leave her children at home,动词不定式在句中可起名词,形容词或副词的作用,因此，动词不定式在句子中可以做:主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语 和 补语,动词不定式作表语,动词不定式作表语一般紧跟在系动词 be,remain,appear,get 等后面，用来说明主语的具体内容，属性，状态，目的或将要发生的动作,My work is to clean the roomHe appears to catch a cold(He appears to have caught a cold)Our goal is to win the n
22、ational champion,比较He is to clean the roomHis plan is to clean the room,动词不定式作表语,动词不定式作表语当主语是人时，表示动作即将发生当主语是事物时，表示主语的内容,动词不定式在句中可起名词,形容词或副词的作用,因此，动词不定式在句子中可以做:主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语 和 补语,动词不定式作定语,不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后,不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：表示将来的动作,The train to arrive is from Washington The person to give
23、the speech is our teacher,(2)如与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，并且如果不定式是不及物动词，则需加介词I finally found some paper to write on,动词不定式作定语,I have few problems to worry about,(3)当作定语的动词不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,(宾语)不定式既可以用主动语态，也可以用被动语态。但含义有所不同：,动词不定式作定语,Do you have anything to buy?Do you have anything to be bought?,-主语亲自做-主语让别人做,I
24、 will find them for you,I am going to the supermarket,(4)当被不定式修饰的名词或代词被序数词,last,only 等词修饰时，不定式作定语不含有将来的意义。,动词不定式作定语,She is always the first person to comeHe was the last guest to arrive Tom is the only one to know the truth,动词不定式作定语,特殊语法结构,逻辑主语概念：在有非谓语动词充当句子成分的句子中，非谓语动词动作的执行者称作非谓语动词的逻辑主语。它们在逻辑上与非谓语动
25、词所表达的动作存在着主谓关系或动宾关系，但不直接作非谓语动词所在句子的主语，,The teacher asked me to answer his question.,1 当不定式做 want have 等动词宾语的定语时，如果句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时，要用主动语态表示被动含义,We have lots of homework to do Mary has two kids to look after,动词不定式作定语,特殊语法结构,2 当不定式修饰 buy,get,give 等动词的间接宾语时，如果间接宾语是不定式的逻辑主语，要用主动语态表示被动含义,动词不定式作定语,特殊语法结构,I
26、 will give you a book to readI buy him a pint of beer to drink,动词不定式在句中可起名词,形容词或副词的作用,因此，动词不定式在句子中可以做:主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语 和 补语,She went to Shang Hai to visit TomI am glad to meet you I visited him only to find him out,动词不定式作状语,原因状语,目的状语,结果状语,动词不定式作状语,1 不定式作目的状语 最常见用法,I went to Bei Jing to find a jobTo pa
27、ss my exam,I study hard,不定式作目的状语时，如果放在主句的后面，不用逗号与主句隔开,in order(not)to,so as(not)to,不定式作目的状语 其他连接词,动词不定式作状语,I study hard in order to pass my examI study hard in order not to fail my examHe ran so fast as to catch the first bus.He ran so fast as not to miss the bus,2 不定式作原因状语,动词不定式作状语,动词不定式作原因状语时经常放在表
28、示情感的形容词如：happy,delighted,glad,pleased,sorry,lucky,proud 等后面，这种用法表示产生上述情感的原因,I am sorry to tell you the bad newsI am so happy to meet you,3 不定式作结果状语,动词不定式作状语,不定式作结果状语一般与only 和 never 等词连用表事先没有预料到的结果。,He searched the room only to find nothing.After the separation,they never to meet each other again.,动词
29、不定式作状语,4 不定式作结果状语的其他用法,tooto.句型 形容词/副词+enough to do.,too.to.句型 太.而不能,动词不定式作状语,The box is too small to hold all these apples,注意：too to 结构中，如果不定式前有willing,delighted,happy,glad等形容词时，too.to.结构表示肯定,I am too happy to leave.She is too delighted to see him again.,形容词/副词+enough to do.,动词不定式作状语,She was lucky
30、enough to find her purseWe ran fast enough to catch the bus,动词不定式在句中可起名词,形容词或副词的作用,因此，动词不定式在句子中可以做:主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语 和 补语,动词不定式作补足语,advise,allow,appoint,believe,cause,challenge,command,consider,declare,drive,enable,encourage,find,forbid,force,guess,hire,imagine,inform,instruct,invite,judge,know,like,or
31、der,permit,persuade,remind,report,request,require,select,send,state,suppose,tell,think,train,trust,understand,urge,warn,以下动词后面可以接动词不定式作宾语补足语 构成 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)结构,My father does not allow us to play on the streetI reminded him to bring a umbrella,动词不定式作补足语,不定式在感官动词 feel,hear,see,watch,notice,observe
32、 以及使役动词have,let,make 等后作宾语补足语时，省略 to,但如果这些句子变为被动式时，必须带to,The teacher makes us recite the text everyday.I often hear him sing that song.,We are made to recite the text by our teacher everyday He is often heard to sing that song,动词不定式作补足语,think,consider,believe,suppose,feel,find,imagine,prove等动词后面的宾语可
33、以接 to be+形容词/名词 作补语,We believe Tom to be nice.I consider David to be the candidate.The teacher thinks Susan to be one of the best students,动词不定式作补足语,动词 regard,think,believe,take,consider 后面有时也用 as 做补语,We regard John as our best teacherThey have considered Kate as a good singer,动词不定式作补足语,在一些动词短语如：wait for,depend on,call for后面也可以用不定式做宾语补足语,They are waiting for us to talk to themYou can not depend on him to support you The UN called for the two countries to stop the war,动词不定式在句中可起名词,形容词或副词的作用,因此，动词不定式在句子中可以做:主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语 和 补语,非谓语动词 动词不定式,
