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1、Myers PSYCHOLOGY,Chapter 12Motivation and Work,Motivation,Motivationa need or desire that energizes and directs behaviorInstinctcomplex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned,Motivation,Drive-Reduction Theorythe idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tens
2、ion state(a drive)that motivates an organism to satisfy the need,Motivation,Homeostasistendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal stateregulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular levelIncentivea positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior,Maslows
3、Hierarchy of Needs,begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfiedthen higher-level safety needs become active then psychological needs become active,Self-actualization needsNeed to live up to ones fullest and unique potential,Esteem needsNeed for self-esteem,achievement,com
4、petence,and independence;need forrecognition and respect from others,Safety needsNeed to feel that the world is organized and predictable;need to feel safe,secure,and stable,Belongingness and love needsNeed to love and be loved,to belong and be accepted;need to avoid loneliness and alienation,Physio
5、logical needsNeed to satisfy hunger and thirst,Motivation-Hunger,Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger,Motivation-Hunger,Glucosethe form of sugar that circulates in the bloodprovides the major source of energy for body tissueswhen its level is low,we feel hunger,Motivation-Hunger,Set
6、 Pointthe point at which an individuals“weight thermostat”is supposedly setwhen the body falls below this weight,an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weightBasal Metabolic Ratebodys base rate of energy expenditure,Motivation-Hunger,The hypothalamus controls
7、eating and other body maintenance functions,Motivation-Hunger,Eating Disorders,Anorexia Nervosawhen a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly(15%)underweight,yet,still feeling fat,continues to starveusually an adolescent femaleBulimia Nervosadisorder characterized by episodes of overeat
8、ing,usually of high-calorie foods,followed by vomiting,laxative use,fasting,or excessive exercise,Womens Body Images,Sexual Motivation,Sexa physiologically based motive,like hunger,but it is more affected by learning and valuesSexual Response Cyclethe four stages of sexual responding described by Ma
9、sters and Johnson excitementplateauorgasmresolution,Sexual Motivation,Refractory Periodresting period after orgasm,during which a man cannot achieve another orgasmEstrogena sex hormone,secreted in greater amounts by females than by males,Forces Affecting Sexual Motivation,Sexual Motivation,Same driv
10、es,different attitudes,Sexual Motivation,Births to unwed parents,Sexual Motivation,Sexual Orientationan enduring sexual attraction toward members of either ones own gender(homosexual orientation)or the other gender(heterosexual orientation),Sexual Motivation,Sexual Motivation,Motivation at Work,Flow
11、a completely,involved,focused state of consciousness,with diminished awareness of self and time,resulting from optimal engagement of ones skillsIndustrial/Organizational(I/O)Psychologythe application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces,Motivation at Work,
12、Personnel Psychologysub-field of I-O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment,selection,placement,training,appraisal,and development Organizational PsychologySub-field of I-O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizatio
13、nal change,Motivation at Work,Motivation at Work,Structured Interviewprocess that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicantsrated on established scalesAchievement Motivationa desire for significant accomplishmentfor mastery of things,people,or ideasfor attaining a high standard,Motivatio
14、n at Work,Personnel psychologists tasks,Motivation at Work,360-degree feedback,Motivation at Work,On the right path,Motivation,Task Leadershipgoal-oriented leadership that sets standards,organizes work,and focuses attention on goalsSocial Leadershipgroup-oriented leadership that builds teamwork,medi
15、ates conflict,and offers support,Motivation,Theory Xassumes that workers are basically lazy,error-prone,and extrinsically motivated by money workers should be directed from aboveTheory Yassumes that,given challenge and freedom,workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity,
