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1、医学英语翻译,医学英语词汇特点,1.医学词汇一般分为两类:一类是某一专业特有的词汇,如:appendicitis、diarrhea、splenomegaly 等,这类词汇一般具有一词对应一义的特点;,还有一类由普通词汇演变而来的专业词汇,即普通词汇医学化（医学术语中的两栖词汇）,这类词汇一词多义。如“allergy”在普通英语中意为“反感”,在医学英语中常译为“过敏症”,“confirmed”在普通英语中意为“坚定的”,在医学英语中常译为“确诊的”。,Sample 1：Glaucoma can be classified as primary or secondary based on eti
2、ology.青光眼可根据病因学分为原发性和继发性青光眼。Sample 2：A heavy person with a heavy complexion was breathing heavily in a heavy condition due to heavy drinking last night.Heavy：含义各不相同，分别指：体态、面貌、呼吸、身体危及情况、醉酒状况。一个体态臃肿的人因昨晚酗酒而呈现痛苦面容与呼吸困难的危急状况。,sample 3：As term approaches,there is a good possibility of complications.term：
3、学期、期间、术语：预产期、足孕 译：随着预产期的临近，并发症发生的可能性极大。翻译这类术语须基于词语的基本含义进行变化。,常见两栖词汇,常见两栖词汇,More samples 1.Asthma（哮喘）is not a disease entity but one form of clinical presentation of a variety of disorders of the bronchus.entity：实体、本质 疾病的病种 哮喘并不是一种疾病病种而是支气管的众多病症中 的一种临床表现。2.Lymph nodes are often enlarged but are not t
4、ender.tender：温柔的、亲切的 触痛、敏感.淋巴结往往肿胀，但无触痛感。,3.Heart failure is a frequent and important complication of subacute(亚急性)bacterial endocarditis（心内膜炎）.Failure：失败、不及格 衰竭、故障 Complication：复杂 并发症 心衰是亚急性细菌性心内膜炎的常见而重要的并发症。4.The blood concentration of urea and other nitrogenous compound（含氮化合物）steadily rises.conce
5、ntration：集中、专心 浓度 血液中尿素和其他含氮化合物的浓度在稳定上升。,2.词缀从词源学的角度来看,在医学英语词汇中,希腊语、拉丁语的词素占有极高比率。据Oscar E.Nybaken 的统计,一万个医学词汇约有46%来自拉丁语;7.2%来自希腊语,希腊、拉丁词素是医学英语词汇的重要基础。希腊语、拉丁语拥有极丰富的词缀,且每个词缀都有其固定意义,可与不同的词干组成无数新词。医学英语词汇传承了这一特点。因此,掌握医学英语中前缀、简单后缀、复合后缀极为重要。,一词三式”医学英语术语主要来自三种语言：央格鲁-撒克逊语（古英语 Anglo-Saxon），古希腊语(Greek)与古拉丁语(La
6、tin)。拉丁语和希腊语这两大古代语言为医学英语术语提供了大量可灵活运用并含义确切的词根，这样就出现了相同含义，不同拼写的词根与各种前后缀结合构成大量的含义相同或不同的医学英语术语，这就是医学英语术语的一词三式现象。,一词三式,体躯系统 英语 希腊源 拉丁源Body somato-coporo-Head cephalo-capito-neck trachelo-cervico-limb acro-membrumfinger dactylo-digito-thigh mero-femoro-chest thoraco-pecto-breast masto-mammo-belly ventro-a
7、bdomino-flank laporo-,celioback opitho-dorsi-waist lumbo-loin,3.术语的其他来源,一、以医生或者患者名字为术语：Parkinsons Dissease,振颤麻痹，以医生为名；Hippocratic face 死后面相，以医生为名；Christmas disease,凝血因子IX缺乏（克雷司马斯病）；Hela cells 希拉细胞（子宫颈癌细胞），以患者为名。二、以文学作品或事件中人物为术语：Achilleus tendon 跟腱；Achilles Jerk 跟腱反射；Oedipus complex 恋母情节;Electra comp
8、lex 恋父情结；Jocasta complex 恋子情结；Lear Complex 恋女情结；Diana complex 独身情节；Cain complex 兄弟敌对情节；三、以地名冠名：Keshan disease 中国克山微量元素缺乏（克山病）；Mediterrannian anemia 地中海贫血;Schistosoma mekongi 湄公河血吸虫,4.动词多使用规范的书面语。从文体学的角度看，医学英语属于正式语体,因此常使用较正式的词汇,这点在动词的使用中尤为突出。例如:用to convert 而不用to change;用to locate 而不用to find;用to absor
9、b 而不用to take in,等等。,医学英语语法结构特点,1.大量使用名词化结构。大量使用名词化结构(Nominalization)是医学英语的特点之一,因为医学文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实,而非某一行为。,Sample 1a.The molecules of substance are moving about all the time without stopping.1b.The molecules of substance are in continual motion.Sample 2.Failure of the kidney to elimi
10、nate potassium leads to hyperkalemia along with other electrolyte imbalance and acidosis.如果肾脏不能减少钾，就会导致血钾过多症，并出现电解质失衡及酸中毒。,3.Although the production of such transgenic strains of animals carrying foreign genes is now a relatively routine technique in many laboratories,it is unlikely that such method
11、s will be expended to human embryos,both for moral and technical reasons.目前，尽管在许多实验室里，培养携带异体基因的转基因动物已成为一项常规技术，但由于伦理和技术方面的原因，这项技术还不可能扩展应用到人体胚胎。,2.大量使用长句和定语从句。医学英语中大量使用长句和定语从句,在论证上起到连接信息和强调信息的作用。,Sample 1:Thus,due to the action of ultra violet rays on the skin,substances are produced in the skin which
12、 get into the blood and accelerate the processes of metabolism in the various organs of the body.因此由于紫外线在皮肤的作用,皮肤里产生一些物质进入血液,可促进人体各器官的代谢作用。,Sample 2：A variety of clinical features help to distinguish the various forms of leukemia,but diagnosis is based on examination of the peripheral blood,in which
13、 are usually found qualitative and quantitative changes in the corresponding white blood cell type.虽然各种临床特征有助于区别不同类型的白血病，但诊断以外周血液的检查为根据，因为外周血液中通常会发现相应的白细胞类型质和量的变化。,3.名词作定语和缩写词使用频繁。医学文章要求行文简炼、结构紧凑,名词作定语和缩写词的频繁使用,简化了句型,增大了信息密度。,Sample:Male homosexual AIDS patients also show an increased incidence of c
14、ertain tumors,most commonly Kaposi s sarcoma.某些肿瘤在男性同性恋爱滋病患者中发生率上升,最常见的是卡波西氏肉瘤。,4.广泛使用被动语态。医学文章侧重叙事推理,强调客观准确,第一、二人称使用过多,会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述,采用被动语态。,Sample:Marijuana is one of man s oldest and most widely used drugs.It has been consumed in various ways as long as medical history has been recorded
15、 and is currently used throughout the world by hundreds of millions of people.A fairly consistent picture of short-term effects on users is presented in many publications.大麻是使用最广泛,历史最长的一种毒品,自有医学史以来,就有使用大麻的记载,并经全世界数以万计的人们使用。许多出版物均报道大麻对毒品使用者常出现短期效应。,Exercises:1.Prompt attention to the symptoms of stro
16、ke can often make all the difference between a healthy life and a half-healthy life which are in a twilight zone.2.There may be temporary loss of speech or difficulty in speaking or understanding speech.3.Other potential interventions include use interferon（干扰素）,and other antiviral agents for reatme
17、nt of chronic viral hepatitis.4.Patients with head injury benefit from formal rehabilitation during convalescence（恢复、康复）.,For reference:,1.及时注意中风症状往往可以分辨健康生活和亚健 康生活，这两者常常界限不清。2.可能出现暂时的失语或听说障碍。3.其它可能使用的治疗慢性病毒性肝炎的方法是使用干扰素和抗病毒药。4.头部受伤的人在恢复期进行正规的康复治疗是有好处的。,常见翻译技巧,（1）词性转换，最常见的为名词和动词之间的转换。Sample 1：The pre
18、vention of sudden cardiac death by long-term administration of antiarrhythmic drugs is based on sound physiological principles.长期服用抗心率失常药来预防心脏病引起的猝死，是以正确可靠的生理学原理为根据的。,Sample 2：A careful analysis of the patients history shows that urticaria is a sort of clinical clue to viral hepatitis.详细分析患者的病史后，就看得
19、出荨麻疹是病毒性肝炎的一种临床线索。,Sample 3：The patient has no knowledge of when the first attack occurred.患者不知道第一次发作是在何时。,（2）省略,1.人称代词省略Sample：At present,Chinese medicinal herbs are used to treat hepatitis.They proves to be effective for the disease.现时中草药用来治疗肝炎，证明非常有效。2.物主代词省略Sample：The doctors make their morning
20、round at 7am.,3.It的省略,a.作为形式主语或形式宾语时，本身没有意义，汉译时一般予以省略 sample:It took us a good four hours to perform the operation.我们做这个手术费了足足四小时。b.It 用来强调句中的某成分时，汉译时一般省略.sample:It is only the output that is normal.仅仅是正常的输出量而已。,4.连词的省略,Sample 1：Some patients are susceptible to pain,but others tolerate it with impun
21、ity.有的病人很怕痛，（但是）有的则能泰然地忍受。Sample 2：Rest should be imperative if the temperature rises above 38C。（如果）体温高于摄氏三十八度，就应该强制休息。,（3）被动语态的转换,Exercise:1.Vitamin K is not absorbed from the upper intestine.2.Alcohol use is also a common cause of cirrhosis,which can indirectly lead to hepatocellular carcinoma.However,a direct carcinogenic effect of alcohol on the liver has not been proved.3.Therapeutic cytapheresis is used to remove defective RBCs and substitute healthy ones.,For reference,1.维生素K不是从肠的上部吸收的。2.饮酒也是导致肝硬化的一个常见原因，会间接导致肝细胞癌，但是尚未证明酒精会对肝脏有直接的致癌效应。3.治疗性细胞除去法用于除去有缺陷的红细胞并代之以正常的红细胞。,
