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1、名词用法总结,一、名词的可数与不可数1英汉两种语言关于数的概念的不同(1)汉语中认为可数而英语中不可数的名词有：advice,bread,clothing,furniture,information,homework,luggage/baggage(行李),money,news,paper(纸)等。(2)英语中有时可用做可数名词而汉语中认为不可数的词有：coffee,noise 等。(3)汉语意思相当而英语用法有别的名词有：laughter 笑声(不可数)/a laugh 一阵笑声，money 钱(不可数)/a note 一张纸币/two dollars 两美元，work 工作(不可数)/a
2、job 一份工作等。,2同一名词的可数与不可数有些名词在词义发生变化时，可数与不可数也会随之发生变化。这种变化通常有以下几种情形：(1)物质名词在转化为表示具体的人或物的名词时，后者就是可数的。从原料到制成品。例如：glass 玻璃two glasses 两只玻璃杯/a pair of glasses 一副眼镜paper 纸two papers 两份报纸(试卷、文件、论文)cloth 布two cloths 两块台布(抹布)iron 铁two irons 两个熨斗,转化为与物质名词相关的其他物品或动物。例如：light 光two lights 两盏灯chicken 鸡肉(不可数)two chi
3、ckens 两只小鸡lamb 羊肉(不可数)two lambs 两只羊羔some fish 一些鱼肉some fish 几条鱼(单复数同形),表示物质名词的种类。例如：cloth 布various cloths 各种布tea 茶various teas 各种茶silk 丝various silks 各种丝绸some fruit 一些水果some fruits 几种水果some fish 一些鱼肉some fishes 几种鱼(在现代英语中，some fish 也可表示几种鱼的概念),表示事件或在特定场合(如酒吧，餐厅等)表示具体的量。例如：coffee 咖啡a coffee 一杯咖啡ice 冰
4、an ice 一份冰淇淋drink 饮料a drink 一杯饮料fire 火two fires 两堆篝火(两盆炉火，两场火灾)some hair 一些头发(泛指)some hairs 几根头发(指一根一根的头发),(2)有些抽象名词在词义转化后，也可以有复数形式，或者可与不定冠词连用。从抽象概念转化为具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感的人、物或事，这时的抽象名词已经完全变成了可数名词。例如：difficulty 困难a difficulty 一件难事surprise 惊讶a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事pleasure 愉快a pleasure 一件乐事failure 失败a failure
5、 一位失败者，一件失败的事,success 成功a success 一位成功者，一件成功的事wonder 惊奇a wonder 一个奇迹beauty 美丽a beauty 一位美人law 法律two laws 两部法规word 消息two words 两个单词some room 一些空间some rooms 几间屋子,抽象名词意义具体化后，具有“一种”、“一阵”、“一例”、“一项”、“一下”、“一顿”等含义，这时，常使用“不定冠词抽象名词”或“不定冠词形容词抽象名词”的结构。例如：experience 经验an experience 一种经历smoke 抽烟a smoke 抽一支烟walk 散
6、步a walk 散一会儿步trade 买卖a trade 一桩买卖cold 冷a cold 感冒rain 雨a heavy(spring)rain 一场大雨(一场春雨)life 生活a hard life 一种艰苦的生活,sleep 睡觉a short sleep 睡了一小觉interest 兴趣a great interest 极大的兴趣有时，名词也可用复数形式。例如：exercise 锻炼exercises 多项运动抽象名词有时以复数形式出现，是一种语意强调的说法。例如：thank 感谢 many thanks 多谢pity 遗憾a thousand pities(a great pity
7、)非常遗憾一般来说，不可数名词转化为可数名词时最主要的是下面三种情况：一、物质名词转指具有一定形状的物品时(即物质名词个体化)；二、抽象名词具体化时；三、不表示物的具体数量，而只是表示其种类的多寡时。,二、名词的单数与复数1有些名词总是以复数形式出现。通常有以下几种情况：(1)由两个部分构成的物品：compasses(两脚规)，glasses(眼镜)，scissors(剪刀)，trousers(裤子)，crossroads(十字路口)等。,特别提醒：由两个部分构成的事物的名词通常被视为复数，但若前面带有物量词时，其意义是单数还是复数取决于物量词本身。例如：,Do you know where
8、my glasses are?你知道我的眼镜在哪吗？Whom does this pair of glasses belong to?这副眼镜是谁的？(2)以ing 结尾的词：belongings(所有物),doings(行为),sufferings(痛苦),surroundings(环境)等。,(3)表示数量众多：arms(武器),ashes(骨灰),clothes(衣服),conditions(环境、形势),goods(货物),manners(礼貌),regards(问候),sands(沙滩),spirits(情绪、心情),stairs(楼梯),steps(台阶),things(情况、形势
9、),wages(工资),wishes(祝愿),woods(森林)等。(4)表示双边关系：make friends with(和交朋友)，change seats with(与交换座位),shake hands with(和握手)等。(5)在一些习惯用语中：make preparations(做准备)，make arrangements(做安排)，take pains(下工夫)等。,2以 s 结尾的表示学科的名词，仍然是单数：maths，physics，politics，economics(经济学)等。3有些以 s 结尾的名词单、复数都有可能：means(方法)，works(工厂、工程、著作、工
10、事)等。4dozen，score，hundred，thousand，million 等词表示约数时，其后常加s，并后接 of，而表示某一确定的数字时，则不能加s，如：hundreds of people，three hundred people 或 three hundred of the people等(不可说 three hundred of people)。,5集合名词的数(1)有些集合名词是不可数名词，它们表示同类事物的总称。这类名词不能用 many，few，而只能用 much，little等来修饰。做主语时，谓语用单数。这类集合名词有：clothing，fruit，furniture
11、，machinery 等。表示“一个(一件)”时，可说a piece of.，如：a piece of clothing(一件衣服)。,(2)有些集合名词总是用作复数，与其连用的限定词和谓语动词亦应用相应的复数形式。例如：These police are on duty，arent they?这类名词有：people，police，cattle，clothes，staff，youth 等。,特别提醒：要表示其单数时，须用其他词汇，如：a person，a policeman，a cow 等。(3)有些集合名词，如 audience，class，club，committee，crew，enemy
12、，family，government，group，team，the majority，the public，union 等集体名词，当它们指组成该集体的成员时，应视作复数(但无词形变化)，指代它们的代词用 they 或 who；当它们被看做是一个不可分割的整体时，即指“非人格性”单位时，应视做单数，指代它们的代词用it或which。试比较：,The family are all interested in music.They have all decided to go to the concert this evening.The family，which is a fivegood fa
13、mily，consists of two boys and one girl.,三、名词的所有格1所有格的句法作用名词所有格一般表示所有关系，但有时也可以表示主谓、动宾、同位或修饰等关系，如 the city of Beijing 表示的就是同位关系。2所有格的基本形式(1)所有格的基本形式有两种，一是由“名词s”构成，二是由“of名词”构成。前者多用来表示有生命的东西，后者多用来表示无生命的东西。,如果无生命的事物表示的是时间、距离、自然现象、国家、城市、机构、度量衡等概念时，其所有格也可用“名词s”构成，如：todays newspaper，five minutes walk，the ea
14、rths atmosphere；Chinas petrol，twenty miles journey。(2)由“名词s”构成的所有格有下面几种情形：一般情况下直接在名词后加“s”，如：Mr.Lis car。以 s 或 es 结尾的复数名词只在词尾加“”，如：Teachers Day，the workersclub。,特别提醒：不是以 s 或 es 结尾的复数名词，仍在词尾加“s”，如：Childrens Day。以 s 结尾的专有名词，且词尾读z的，可以只在词尾加“”，也可以在名词后加s，如：Dickens novels/Dickenss novels,Engels works/Engelss
15、 works。如果词尾不读z，则仍在词尾加“s”，如Rosss seat。如果一样东西为两人或多人共有，只在最后一个名词后加“s”，如：the husband and wifes problems。如果不是共有，则需在各个名词后分别加上“s”，如：Jacks and Jims rooms。,在表示“店铺”、“某人家”的名词所有格后通常要省掉后面的名词，如：at the doctors，in the barbers，drop in at his uncles，go to Mr.Blacks。3双重所有格“ofs”式所有格修饰前面的名词，这种结构叫做名词双重所有格，用来表示部分概念或感情色彩。使用
16、双重所有格应注意以下两点：,(1)of 前面名词的前面通常要有a，two，any，some，no，few，another 等表示数量的词或this，that，these，those 等限定词修饰，但修饰词不能是the。(2)of后面的名词必须是指人的名词。不能是指物的，如不可说 a leaf of the books。,一、名词的同义词辨析1.常作为考点的名词同义词 approach；method；way；means area；region；field；district argument；quarrel；debate award；reward；prize background；environm
17、ent；surroundings behaviour；action；act benefit；profit case；example；instance；sample cause；reason；excuse climate；weather condition；situation,contest；competition；match；raceconsequence；result custom；habit；practicediet；food direction；instructionenergy；strength；force；power；abilityevent；affair；business faul
18、t；mistake；errorglimpse；glance；look；sightlabour；work；job；taskmessage；news；information；wordopinion；idea；thought；mindpattern；design；style；modelpercent；percentage,practice；training；exercisepurpose；aim；goal；target scene；scenery；sight；viewshade；shadow skill；abilityspirit；courage symbol；sign；markterm；condi
19、tion；case touch；contact；connectionvalue；price；cost variety；speciesview；sight；vision voyage；trip；journeywage；salary；pay；income,2.名词同义词辨析题解题技巧 从三个方面考虑：词义；搭配(与介词或动词搭配)；惯用 法【例1】Finding out about these universities has become easy for anyone with Internet _.A.entrance B.admission C.access D.entry,【例2】Exc
20、ept on formal _ such as official reception,American society has a certain amount of informality.A.conditions B.cases C.occasions D.situations,【例3】“I dont think its my _ that the TV blew up.I just turned it on,thats all，”said the boy.A.error B.mistake C.fault D.duty二、名词与动词的搭配 play jokes/tricks on开的玩笑
21、；捉弄 take advantage of利用 put.into practice；turn.into reality实行；实施,take trouble to do sth.不辞劳苦地做某事have difficulty in doing sth.做某事有困难make an effort to do sth.努力去做某事take pains to do sth.尽力去做某事spare no effort to do sth.不遗余力做某事take no notice of；pay no attention to不注意；忽视keep/get in touch/contact with；have
22、 connection with与保持/取得/有联系keep/bear.in mind；learn.by heart记住；熟记put ones heart into.；put ones mind to.全身心地去做take.into account/consideration将考虑在内,take action；take measures采取措施take/follow ones advice接受某人的建议make an attempt to do sth.试图做某事puzzle ones brain over sth.绞尽脑汁做某事take charge of对负责；掌管keep pany陪伴某
23、人make a difference起作用；与众不同make no difference没有关系或影响；无关紧要have a narrow escape九死一生come into existence存在；成立find fault with sb.对某人吹毛求疵；找某人的岔子do sb.a favour帮助某人；帮某人的忙,lend/give sb.a hand帮助某人have/form/develop the habit of doing sth.有/养成习惯make/leave an impression on sb.给某人留下印象have an influence/impact/effec
24、t on/upon.对有影响give/offer sb.a lift让某人搭便车；载某人一程take a message for sb.给某人捎个口信leave sb.a message给某人留个口信bring/call.to mind使某人想起satisfy/meet/cover ones needs/demands/requirements满足某人的需求/要求/条件come to power执政；当权take pride in以为豪；为感到骄傲,take possession of拥有 keep a record of记录；记载 take responsibility for对负责 tak
25、e a risk冒险 make room for为腾出地方 make sense有道理；是明智的；有意义三、名词作定语1.名词作定语，通常表示中心词的用途、材料或特性。如：a coffee cup；telephone number；paper flowers；weather forecast；seat belt；income tax；identity card；stone bridge；heart trouble2.名词作定语时，通常用单数形式，但个别词除外。如：a clothes shop服装店；a sports meet运动会；a sports car跑车；a woman doctor一个
26、女医生；three women doctors三位女医生,四、名词的数1.下列名词是不可数名词：information；luggage；furniture；equipment；baggage；jewellery；machinery；clothing；fruit；luck；fun；health；wealth；weather；confidence；access；respect等。What fun we had on the seashore!Everybody has access to the public library.2.下列名词通常作不可数名词用，但当指“具体的人、事”时是可 数名词：s
27、urprise；pleasure；satisfaction；honour；failure；success；help；delight；shock；fright；comfort；concern；pride等。He is still in a state of shock.他还是很吃惊。The news of his death came as a shock to us all.他去世的消息令我们很震惊。,3.下列不可数名词可与不定冠词连用，特别是其前有形容词修饰 时：interest；knowledge等。He has a wide knowledge of painting and music
28、.4.下列名词有时可用作可数名词：tea；coffee。Two teas and three coffees,please.5.下列名词常用复数形式：congratulations；greetings；regards；wishes；tears；belongings；surroundings等。Congratulations on your exam results!6.下列名词是复数名词：police；people；folk(s)；cattle等。The police are in search of the attempted murderer.7.下列名词作可数名词和不可数名词时，意义不同
29、：word(可数)“字；词；话语”：Have a word with Pat and see what she thinks.(不可数)“消息；信息”：,She sent word that she would be late.exercise(可数)“练习；习题”：Our teacher gave us many exercises for us to do after school.(不可数)“锻炼；运动”：Swimming is good exercise.room(可数)“房间”：He lives in a large room,which is well furnished.(不可数
30、)“空间”：This table takes up too much room.experience(可数)“经历”：Living in Africa was quite an experience for her.(不可数)“经验”：She has much teaching experience.work(可数)“作品；艺术品”：,Many works of art were stolen from the museum last night.(不可数)“工作”：Its difficult to find work in the present economic climate.过关落实1
31、.He and his wife are of the same _；they both want their son to go to college.A.soul B.spirit C.heart D.mind2.One thousand dollars a month is not a fortune but would help cover my living _.A.bills B.expenses C.prices D.charges,3.The practice of hanging clothes across the street is a common _ in many
32、parts of the city.A.look B.sign C.sight D.appearance4.You are always full of _.Can you tell me the secret?Taking plenty of exercise every day.A.power B.strength C.force D.energy,5.Of the seven days in a week，Saturday is said to be the most popular _ for a wedding in some countries.A.way B.situation
33、C.event D.choice6.My morning _ includes jogging in the park and reading newspapers over breakfast.A.drill B.action C.regulation D.routine,7.AIDS control and prevention is a _ to China as well as the whole world.A.surprise B.challenge C.reaction D.threat8.You have been sitting on my hat and now it is
34、 badly out of _.A.date B.shape C.order D.balance,9.If you like I can do some shopping for you.Thats a very kind _.A.offer B.service C.point D.suggestion10.Finding information in todays world is easy.The _ is how you can tell if the information you get is useful or not.A.ability B.competition C.chall
35、enge D.knowledge,11.Mickey bought an old car cheaply，cleaned it up and sold it the next week at a _.A.benefit B.bargain C.profit D.prize12.Although it is not our normal _ to give credit in our shop，this time I think we should consider the matter more closely.A.habit B.intention C.action D.practice,1
36、3.He can speak English，German，French and Japanese.He is nearly a man with a _ for languages.A.gift B.present C.reward D.wealth14.He was _ as a designer，which was _ to us all.A.a success；a surprise B.success；surprise C.a success；surprise D.success；a surprise,15.They waved with their hands and hats a last _ to their friends.A.congratulation B.look C.farewell D.leave,
