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1、定语从句定义,丁福平,从句定义 定语从句就是用来修饰名词或代词的句子，起到定语的作用，所以叫做定语从句。被修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况，它需要放在被修饰的词（即先行词）之后。定语从句一般由关系代词来引导。关系代词必须放在定语从句之首。先行词指被定语从句修饰的名词、代词。一般先行词出现在定语从句的前面。关系词常有2个作用：连接作用，引导定语从句。代替先行词，在定语从句中担当一个成分。The man who is talking to you is my new teacher.先行词关系词定语从句,关系代词关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、
2、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1、who,whom,that限定性定语从句中的关系代词作主语作宾语作定语指人who/thatwhom/that(可省略)whose指物which/thatwhich/that(可省略)whose指人和物thatthatwhose非限定性定语从句中的关系代词作主语作宾语作定语指人whowhomwhose/of whom指物whichwhichwhose/of which,特殊情况只能用that的情况先行词为everything，all，little，much等不定代词时；先行词被all，every，no，any
3、，some，little，much修饰时；先行词被the only，the very，the same，the last修饰时；先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时；先行词是be的表语或there be 的主语时；先行词有人又有物时；当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。不能用that的情况介词前置时；非限定性定语从句中这些词代替指人，whom在定语从句中指人，who和“that”既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略），可以指人也可以指物（who不可指物）。在从句中所起作用如下：（1）Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在从
4、句中作主语）（2）He is the man _ I saw yesterday.（3）The man _you spoke to just now is our English teacher.注：who在定语从句中指人，作主语和宾语，作宾语时可省略；做及物动词或介词的宾语，可省略。,2,which，that 用来指物（有六种情况只可用that而不用which）(用作主语、宾语，作宾语时可以省略），例如：The package(which/that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.（which/that在从句中作宾语）注：which在定
5、语从句中指物，可作主语或及物动词或介词的宾语，作宾语时可省略；that在定语从句中既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语和表语，作宾语时可省略，指人时，相当于who或whom，指物时，相当于which，作介词宾语时，介词不可提到that前，当介词提前时，需要用which或whom来代替。3、whose(只用作定语)“whose”表示谁（可以为人也可以为物）（东西）例：A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.（“whose parents”表示那个孩子的双亲）He lives in a room _ window faces so
6、uth.,whose,关系代词：在句中作主语、宾语或定语。1.that既可代表事物也可代表人，“which”代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略“that”在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，“which”在从句省略。eg：This is the book（which）you want.2.不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语代词“which”放在它原来的位置。3.代表物时多这时的that常被省略；1）被形容词最高级修饰时；既有人又有物时；2）整个句中前面已有“which”，“why”行,关系副词：在句中作状语关系副词=介词+关系代词why=for whichwhere=in/at/on w
7、hich（介词同先行词搭配）when=during/on/in/1.“where”是关系副词，当然也不用“that”引导。I still remember the place where I met her for the first time.2.当从句的逻辑主语是some,any,no,somebody,anybody,nobody,something,anything,everything或nothing时，常用“there is”开头。There is somebody here who wants to talk to you.这里有人要和你说话。分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词
8、之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。,关系副词1、why关系副词why主要用于修饰表原因的名词（主要是the reason），同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。如：We dont know the reason why he didnt show up.She didnt tell me the reason _ she refused the offer.与关系副词when和where不同，why可以换成that或省略。如：Thats one of the reasons(why,that)I asked you to come.另外，与关系副词when和where可以引导非限制性定
9、语从句不一样，why只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句。如：他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。误：The main reason,why he lost his job,was that he drank.正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.(同位语从句),why,2、when 关系副词when主要用于修饰表时间的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如：There comes a time when you have to make a choice.Gone are the days _ they cou
10、ld do what they liked.Well put off the picnic until next week,_ the weather may be better.注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词，就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分如果在定语从句中用作时间状语，就用when；如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用when，而要用that,which等。如：Dont forget the time(that,which)Ive told you.关系代词that/which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语，
11、正因为是用作宾语，所以也可以省略。,when,when,3、where关系副词where主要用于修饰表地点的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语。如：This is the village where he was born.练习Thats the hotel _we were staying last summer.Barbary was working in Aubury,_she went daily in a bus.与前面when的情况一样，注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词，就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分如果在定语从句中用作地点状语
12、，就用where；如果在定语从句中不是用作地点状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用where，而要用that,which等。如：He works in a factory that which makes TV sets.关系代词that/which在定语从句中用作主语。另外注意，where有时还可用于抽象名词后引导定语从句。如：We have reached a point where a change is needed.There are cases _ the word“mighty”is used as an adverb.,where,where,where,限定性定语从句 意义：
13、限定性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体，更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整，例如I met some one who said he know you.1.在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which,at which,for which或on which（1）Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which)attitudes towards night dreaming have changed.（2）I like the mus
14、ic for the very reason that(for which)he dislike it.（3）We arrived the day that(on which)they left.刚好我们到的那天他们走了。2.在限定性定语从句中，当关系代词在从句中担任动词宾语时，关系代词可省略。1）The book(that/which)I am reading is very interesting.2）Is there anything(that)you wanted?想要什么东西吗?,非限性定语从句 意义：非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面
15、往往有逗号隔开，如The house,which I bought last year,has a lovely garden.This novel,_ I have read three times,is very touching.1.非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：（1）He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。（2）Liquid water changes to vapor,_ is called ev
16、aporation.2.在非限定定语从句中，有时as也可用作关系代词，若as在从句中作主语，其引导的句子可以放在句首，也可以放在句中。例如：（1）The boy has as much progress as we had expected.（2）_everyone knows,China is a beautiful country with a long history.3.在非限定性定语从句中，不能用从句做主语（1）The boys who are playing football are from Class One.（2）I helped an old man _ lost his
17、way yesterday.,which,which,As,who,1、先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰。This is the most interesting book that l have ever read.2、先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰。The second foreign country that l expect to visit is Greek.3、先行词是不定代词时，如all、few、little、much、anything、nothing、somethingThis is the very good dictionary that I want to buy.4.、先行词
18、既有人又有物时Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?5、先行词被“only”、“the every”、“no”、“one of”、“the right、“the same等修饰He is the only person that l want to talk to.6、在以“which”、“who”、“whom”引起的问句中，为避免重复，常用thatWho is the man that is standing there?Which is the T-shirt that fits me most
19、?7、“there be”句型中8、先行词在主句中作表语，或者关系代词本身作从句的表语时宜用“that”“that”在作宾语时可省略。,只用who不用that1）如果先行词是those,they,all,persons,people,he,anyone,one时用who不用that2）当先行词指人并含有较长的后置定语从句或在被分割的定语从句中时。3、只用which不用that1）当主句先行词后有介词时，用which。This the one of which Im speaking。2）非限定性定语从句，用which。3)描述句中一般用which。Beijing，which was China
20、s capital for more than 800years。4）those+复数名词之后，多用which.Shopkeeper want to keep a number of those goods which sell best。5）先行词本身是that时，用which，不用that,定语从句专项练习题1.The place _interested me most was the Childrens Palace.A.Which B.where C.what D.in which 2.Do you know the man _?A.whom I spoke B.to who spok
21、e C.I spoke to D.that I spoke 3.This is the hotel _last month.A.which they stayed B.at that they stayed C.where they stayed at D.where they stayed4.Do you know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded?A.which B.that C.when D.on which 5.That is the day _Ill never forget.A.which B.on which C.
22、in which D.when 6.The factory _well visit next week is not far from here.A.where B.to which C.which D.in which 7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _we are working.A.where B.that C.which D.there 8.This is one of the best films _.A.that have been shown this year B.that have show
23、n C.that has been shown this year D.that you talked 9.Can you lend me the book _the other day?A.about whichyou talked B.which you talked C.about that you talked D.that you talked 10.The pen _he is writing is mine.A.with which B.in which C.on which D.by which,A,C,D,C,A,C,A,A,A,A,11.They arrived at a
24、farmhouse,in front of _sat a small boy.A.whom B.who C.which D.that 12.The engineer _my father works is about 50 years old.A.to whom B.on whom C.with which D.with whom 13.It there anyone in your class _family is in the country?A.who B.whos C.which D.whose 14.Im interested in _you have said.A.all that
25、 B.all what C.that D.which 15.I want to use the same dictionary _was used yesterday.A.which B.who C.what D.as 16.He isnt such a man _he used to be.A.who B.whom C.that D.as 17.He is good at English,_we all know.A.that B.as C.whom D.what 18.Li Ming,_to the concert enjoyed it very much.A.I went with B.
26、with whom I went C.with who I went D.I went with him 19.I dont like _ as you read.A.the novels B.the such novels C.such novels D.same novels 20.He talked a lot about things and persons _they remembered in the school.A.which B.that C.whom D.what,C,D,D,A,D,D,B,B,C,B,21.The letter is from my sister,_is
27、 working in Beijing.A.which B.that C.whom D.who 22.In our factory there are 2,000 workers,two thirds of _are women.A.them B.which C.whom D.who 23.Youre the only person _Ive ever met _could do it.A.who;/B./;whom C.whom;/D./;who:/24.I lost a book,_I cant remember now.A.whose title B.its title C.the ti
28、tle of it D.the title of that 25.Last summer we visited the West Lake,_Hangzhou is famous in the world.A.for which B.for that C.in which D.what 26.I have bought such a watch _ was advertised on TV.A.that B.which C.as D.it 27.I can never forget the day _ we worked together and the day _ we spent toge
29、ther.A.when;which B.which;when C.what;that D.on which;when 28.The way _he looks at problems is wrong.A.which B.whose C.what D./29.This is the reason _he didnt come to the meeting.A.in which B.with which C.that D.for which 30.This machine,_for many years,is still working perfectly.A.after which I hav
30、e looked B.which I have looked after C.that I have looked after D.I have looked after,D,C,D,A,A,C,A,D,D,B,31.The reason _he didnt come was _he was ill.A.why;that B.that;why C.for that;that D.for which;what 32.He is working hard,_will make him pass the final exam.A.that B.which C.for which D.who 33.T
31、hat is not the way _I do it.A./B.which C.for which D.with which 34.I have two grammars,_are of great use.A.all of which B.either of which C.both of that D.both of which 35.I want to use the same tools _used in your factory a few days ago.A.as was B.which was C.as were D.which 36.My neighbours used t
32、o give me a hand in time of trouble,_ was very kind of them.A.who B.which C.that D.it 37.This is the magazine _ I copied the paragraph.A.that B.which C.from that D.from which 38.He is not such a man _ would leave his work half done.A.that B.which C.who D.as 39.You can depend on whatever promise _ he
33、 makes.A./B.why C.when D.whose 40.Smoking,_ is a bad habit,is,however,popular.A.that B.which C.it D.though,A,B,A,D,C,B,D,D,A,B,31.The reason _he didnt come was _he was ill.A.why;that B.that;why C.for that;that D.for which;what 32.He is working hard,_will make him pass the final exam.A.that B.which C
34、.for which D.who 33.That is not the way _I do it.A./B.which C.for which D.with which 34.I have two grammars,_are of great use.A.all of which B.either of which C.both of that D.both of which 35.I want to use the same tools _used in your factory a few days ago.A.as was B.which was C.as were D.which 36
35、.My neighbours used to give me a hand in time of trouble,_ was very kind of them.A.who B.which C.that D.it 37.This is the magazine _ I copied the paragraph.A.that B.which C.from that D.from which 38.He is not such a man _ would leave his work half done.A.that B.which C.who D.as 39.You can depend on
36、whatever promise _ he makes.A./B.why C.when D.whose 40.Smoking,_ is a bad habit,is,however,popular.A.that B.which C.it D.though,A,B,A,D,D,B,D,D,A,B,41.-Did you ask the guard _ happened?-Yes,he told me all _ he knew.A.what;that B.what;what C.which;which D.that;that 42.I shall never forget those years
37、 _ I lived on the farm with the farmers,_ has a great effect on my life.A.when;who B.that;which C.which;that D.when;which 43.The number of the people who _ cars _ increasing.A.owns;are B.owns;is C.own;is D.own;are 44.During the days _,he worked as a servant at the Browns.A.followed B.following C.to
38、follow D.that followed 45.Is oxygen the only gas _ helps fire burn?A.that B./C.which D.it 46.The clever boy made a hole in the wall,_ he could see _ was going on inside house.A.which;what B.through which;what C.through that;what D.what;that 47.Is _ some German friends visited last week?A.this school
39、 B.this the school C.this school one D.this school where 48.John got beaten in the game,_ had been expected.A.as B.that C.what D.who 49.I have bought two ballpens,_ writes well.A.none of them B.neither of them C.neither of which D.none of which 50.All that can be eaten _ eaten up.A.are being B.has been C.had been D.have been,A,D,C,D,A,B,B,A,C,B,
