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1、Grammar and usage,Unit 2,Learning aims(学习目标):1.Grasp the definition(定义)of V-ing2.Grasp the tenses(时态)and voices(语态)of V-ing3.Grasp the function(功能)of V-ing.,一、动词的 ing 形式概念 动词的 ing 形式包括两种:动名词(具有名词特征)具有名词特征 可作_，_，_，_现在分词 具有形容词和副词特征 可作_、_、_、_,主语 宾语 表语 定语,定语 补足语 表语 状语,二、时态和语态,doing,being done,having don
2、e,having been done,现在分词的否定式：not doing,2.The man running inthe picture is Liu Xiang.,1.a running man,3.The man running fastest got the first place.,三、现在分词的语法功能1:Attribute,4.The man who is running in the picture is Liu Xiang.,小 结:,1、V-ing形式作定语可表示动作_（如例1、2）或表示和所修饰词之间有逻辑_动关系（如例3）。,2、单个V-ing词作定语修饰名词一般置于名
3、词之_（如例1）；V-ing词组修饰名词则置于名词之_（如例2、3），此时相当于一个_从句（如例4）。,正在进行,主,前,后,定语,The people sitting behind us are teachers,The expert coming from Hongkong is a lady called Ms Cai.,=The people who are sitting behind us are teachers.,=The expert who comes from Hongkong is a lady called Ms Cai.,Rewrite the following
4、sentences with attributive clauses.,(1)a swimming man,(2)a swimming pool,Whats the difference between(1)and(2)?,(2)a walking man,(1)a walking stick,=a stick for walking,=a man who is walking,Whats the difference between(1)and(2)?,注意：动名词用来说明用途，和被修饰的名词在逻 辑上_主谓关系，不可以扩为定语从句。动名词作定语只能放在被修饰的名词的_面。如：.There
5、was only one fishing boat on the river(a fishing boat=a boat used for fishing),无,前,Your journey in Kenya is really exciting.What you did was disappointing.The nightmare I had last night was very frightening.,总结：现在分词作表语通常表示主语的属性和特征,相当于_,其主语通常是物.,2:Predicative,形容词,I heard the girl singing in the class
6、room.,I noticed a long queue outside the bank waiting for it to open.,3.Object Complement:,The baby watched his dad shaving his face with great interest.,常见的两类接现在分词作宾补的动词：感官动词：使役动词：等。,see,hear,watch,find,feel,smell,observe,notice,look at,listen to等。,have,keep,catch,leave,特殊的两个区别：1).现在分词作宾补与不定式做宾补的区别
7、。现在分词：动作正在。不定式：动作的。试比较：1.I heard her singing a song just now.2.I heard her sing a song just now.,(正在进行的动作),(听见全过程),进行,全过程,2).现在分词被动式与过去分词作宾补的区别。现在分词：主动，动作正在进行。过去分词：被动，动作已经完成。试比较：1.I saw him being taken away.我看到他正被人带走。2.I saw him taken away.我看到他被带走了。,(正在进行),(完成),1.Sixty million people _(live)in rural
8、 areas are moving to the cities every year.2.I often see my teacher _(run)on the playground.3.Our trip was _(disappoint).We did not find any unusual plants.,Practice,living,run,Fill in the blanks with the verb given in its proper form.,disappointing,4.I saw them _(force)the door open with a hammer.5
9、.They asked me(thank)your mother.6.The news was _(shock).All the three boats had sunk in the storm.,forcing,to thank,shocking,4.现在分词作状语1).作时间状语,相当于时间状语从句(常同连词when,whenever,while,once,until等连用)Hearing the bad news,they couldnt help crying.=When they heard the bad news,they couldnt help crying.Having
10、received his letter,I decided to write back.,=After I had received his letter,I decided to write back.,2).作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句。Being a student,I must work hard.,Being so angry,he couldnt go to sleep.,=Because he was so angry,he couldnt go to sleep.,=Because I am a student,I must work hard.,=Because he di
11、dnt know what to do next,he turned to the teacher for help.,Not knowing what to do next,he turned to the teacher for help.,3.作条件状语,相当于条件状语从句Working hard,you will succeed.,Putting more salt into the soup,you will find it more delicious.,=If you put more salt into the soup,you will find it more delici
12、ous.,=If you work hard,you will succeed.,4.作伴随状语,相当于并列句They came into the classroom,singing and laughing.,5.作结果状语His father died,leaving him lots of money.,=They sang and laughed;they came into the classroom.,注意:,V-ing有其完成式_,表示分 词动作发生于主句动作之_。V-ing形式的否定not要置于V-ing之_。分词作状语时，其逻辑主语同主句的主 语_且有逻辑_关系，往往可转换
13、为相应的状语从句。,having done,前,前,一致 主动,1.a.Hearing the news,tears ran down her face.b.Hearing the news,she cried out sadly.2.a.Entering the classroom,I found nobody in it.b.Entering the classroom,nobody was found in it.,Choose the correct sentence.,3.a.Looking out through the window,the garden was beautifu
14、l.b.Looking out through the window,we saw a beautiful garden.4.a.Reading the evening newspaper,a dog started barking.b.I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking.,动词的 ing 形式包括两种 动名词(具有名词特征)具有名词特征 可作_，_，_，_现在分词 具有形容词和副词特征 可作_、_、_、_,主语 宾语 表语 定语,状语 补足语 表语 定语,doing,having done,being
15、done,having been done,形 式,意 义,该动词所表达的动作与句中谓语动词所表达的动作同时发生。,该动词所表达的动作先于句中谓语动词所表达的动作。,该动词所表达的动作与句中谓语动词所表达的动作同时发生，且表被动。通常用作原因状语。,该动词所表达的动作先于句中谓语动词所表达的动作，该动词与句子主语为被动关系；。,解题步骤：1.判断是否为非谓语动词 2.与逻辑主语的关系 3.与谓语动词的先后关系,非谓语动词的用法是一个系统性、综合性很强的语言点。真正领悟非谓语动词的用法要具备以下基础知识：、具有句子结构的知识，要分清简单句与复合句，陈述句与祈使句的区别、具有简单句最基本的五种句型
16、的知识，要分清双宾语和复合宾语的区别、具有扎实而丰富的动词知识，要分清及物和不及物动词，双宾动词和复宾动词的区别。一些最基础最常用的动词的用法要烂熟于胸、具备各种复合句的知识，能够拆析词左右长度的复合句和长难句,考点解析：非谓语动词是高考的一个热点,V-ing 常考的形式有以下几点：一、时态与语态（完成时态的主动、被动形式）二、结果状语（自然而然的结果），时间状语三、被动形式作定语；被动形式跟在介词后作宾语四、否定时not的位置五、在问句中作主语进行回答,考点：考查非谓语动词。解析：该空，分词短语作时间状语，其逻辑主语Dina与struggle为主动关系，故排除B项。由剧中的finally可知
17、非谓语动词表示的动作发生在句中谓语took a position之前，故用现在分词的完成主动式。,（10湖南）26.Dina,for months to find a job as a waitress,finally took a position at a local advertising agency.A.struggling B.struggled C.having struggled D.to struggle,(08陕西卷)14._ around the Water Cube,we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 200
18、8 Olympic Games.Having shown B.To be shown C.Having been shown D.To show,答案：C。我们是被带领参观的因此是被动语态。先参观水立方后去看鸟巢所以时态是完成时态,句意：南方下了大雨，在几个省区造成严重洪灾。解析：空格后serious flooding是rained heavily的后果，而且句子主语it和cause之间存在主动关系，所以此处要用动词的ing形式作结果状语。答案：C.,（10天津）12.It rained heavily in the south，serious flooding in several prov
19、inces.A.caused B.having caused C.causing D.to cause,考点：考查现在分词短语做伴随状语及动词不定式的否定式。解析：句中listen和try not to miss为同时进行的动作，故用现在分词的一般式做伴随状语。又动词不定式的否定式要在其前加not.故选B。,（10四川）17The lawyer listened with full attention，_ to miss any point Anot trying Btrying not Cto try not Dnot to try,答案：选A.enabling 表示他在捐献后的（自然）结果
20、,（10江苏）28.The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu,_the students to return to their classrooms.A.enabling B.having enabled C.to enable D.to have enabled,Their car was caught in a traffic jam,thus _ the delay.A.to cause B.causing C.caused D.cause2.I
21、 was in the bathroom,not _ the knock at the door.A.hear B.to hear C.hearing D.heard,Exercise,3.After seeing the movie,_.A.the book was read by him B.the book made him want to read itC.he wanted to read the book D.the reading of the book interested him,4.The next morning she found the man in bed,_ de
22、ad.A.lying B.lie C.lay D.laying5.There was terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed,6.The secretary worked late into the night,_ a long speech for the president.A.to prepare B.preparing C.prepared D.was preparing,7.“Cant you read?”Mary said_
23、 to the notice.A.angrily pointing B.and point angrily C.angrily pointed D.and angrily pointing,8._ a reply,he decided to write again.A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received,9.They apologized for _ to attend the meeting.A.their not being able B.their being not able C.them not able D.them being able not,10.I did nothing all day but _ to my friend who I havent seen for almost a year.A.write B.to write C.wrote D.writing,Thank you,
