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1、Specialized English for Animal and Veterinary Science,畜牧兽医专业英语,黎观红 博士、教授、硕士生导师 手机江西农业大学动物科技学院江西省动物营养重点实验室,Lecture 1 Introduction,引言,1.1 什么是专业英语,是结合各自专业的科技英语 有很强的专业性，涉及的面更加狭窄，与专业内容配合更为密切。,隶属于科技英语 是科技英语的一部分，以表达科技概念、理论与事实为主要目的。遵守科技英语的语法体系和翻译方法;特别注重客观事实和真理，表达准确、精练和正式。,专业英语与科技英语既有区别又有联系。专业英语的学习需要有一个良好的科技
2、英语基础，同时也要注意其自身的词汇特点、语法特点、修辞特点和翻译特点等等。,1.2 学习专业英语的重要性,(1)科研信息获取,(2)研究成果展示,(3)国际交流合作,当前大部分资料都可以通过互联网传播，而这些资料中90以上都是英语。,世界上科技情报资料的交流主要靠使用英语,对子电气工程、电子工程和信息类等专业来说，绝大部分专业资料和信息都是以英语形式出观。,专业英语阅读能力,申报国家奖项申请专利发表学术论文：,85以上的科技资料都是以英语形式出版的,专业英语写作能力,专业英语表达、听说、应变能力,Chapter 2 Features of Specialized English,第二章 专业英
3、语的特点,2.1 Grammar Features,客观性（Objective）、准确性（accuracy）和精练性(conciseness)。,(1)广泛使用被动语态,(2)广泛使用非谓语形式,(3)省略句使用频繁,(4)It句型和祈使句使用频繁,(5)复杂长句使用频繁,(6)后置形容词短语作定语多,语法特点,(1)广泛使用被动语态,2.1 Grammar Features,主体多为客观的事物、现象和过程，在叙述推理过程中切忌加进作者个人的主观臆断；,中心是客观现象及事物本身，而非动作的发出者，把论证说明的对象置于句子主语的位置，既能突出中心，又能吸引读者的注意。,(客观性),1)Elect
4、ricity can be measured in amount and quality.,电可以用数量和质量来度量。,2)Instrument transformers are installed on the high-voltage equipment.,互感器安装在高压设备上,2.1 Grammar Features,3)Electric power is generated in power generating stations or plants.,电能是在发电站或发电厂产生的,4)The meters are calibrated and the scale is design
5、ed to read the value of the desired unit.,这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同的量程，以便读出期望的数值。,5)Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulation medium.Such a device is called a capacitor,and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance.It is measured in Farads.,电能可以储存在被一绝缘介
6、质隔开的两块金属板中，这样的装置被称为电容器，它储存电能的能力就被称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。,2.1 Grammar Features,(2)广泛使用非谓语形式,非谓语动词在句子中可以起到名词，形容词或副词作用，动词的非谓语形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式。,动名词,用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间陈述句,The signal should be filtered before it is amplified.,2)An object becomes hot.It is placed in the sun.,Once being placed in the sun,an object
7、becomes hot.,物体放置在太阳下会变热。,The signal should be filtered before being amplified.,放大信号前，应先对其进行滤波,(精炼),2.1 Grammar Features,3)We must do various experiments before a new electronic product is designed.,Before designing a new electronic product we must do various experiments.,在设计一个新的电子产品之前，我们必须做各种实验,用动名
8、词短语做主语,4)Changing resistance is a method for controlling the flow of the current.,改变电阻是控制电流的一种方法,5)Conducting electricity means the flow of electrons through an object.,传导电流意味着电子在物体内的流动,2.1 Grammar Features,分词,过去分词短语替代从句中的被动语态 现在分词短语替代从句中的主动语态,The power supply,which is shown in block-diagram in Fig.
9、1,is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.,The power supply shown in block-diagram in Fig.1 is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.,图1中用框图表示的电源是一个单相开关逆变器。,2.1 Grammar Features,2)A three-phase circuit,as it was pointed out above,is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.,A three-phase cir
10、cuit,as pointed out above,is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.,正如上面所指出的那样，三相电路只不过是三个单相电路的组合。,3)The transistor,which is working with correctly polarities,can work as an amplifier.,The transistor working with correctly polarities can work as an amplifier.,工作于正确电源极性下的晶体管，作用就像放大器。,2.1
11、 Grammar Features,不定式,用不定式短语来替代表示目的和功能的从句或语句,(1)The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger so that the increasing demand of electric power is satisfied.,The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger to satisfy the increasing demand of electric power.,单台发电机的容量越来越大，目的就是满足不
12、断增长的用电需求。,(2)What does a fuse do?It protects a circuit.,The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit.,保险的作用就是保护电路。,(六)省略句使用频繁 精炼,省略成分：并列复合句的省略；状语从句中的省略；定语从句中的省略。,三、科技英语的语法特点（Grammar Features）,1.并列复合句的省略,2）The first treatment would require a minimum of 48 hours,while the second treatment would requ
13、ire only 26 hours.The first treatment whould require a minimum of 48 hours,while the second only 26 hours.第一次处理至少需要48小时，而第二次处理只需要26小时。,1）,1）,As illustrated in Fig.1,there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.As in Fig.1,there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.就像图1所示的那样，这个闭环系
14、统中有一个反馈元件。,三、科技英语的语法特点（Grammar Features）,2.状语从句中的省略,1)The use of antibiotic growth promoters,which are mainly supplemented in animal feed to boost production and prevent disease outbreaks,has been banned due to fears of antibiotic-resistant microbes in the food chain.The use of antibiotic growth pro
15、moters,mainly supplemented in animal feed to boost production and prevent disease outbreaks,has been banned due to fears of antibiotic-resistant microbes in the food chain.由于担心食物链中耐药菌的产生，添加到动物饲料中以促进动物生产和预防疾病爆发的抗生素促生长剂已禁止使用了。,三、科技英语的语法特点（Grammar Features）,3.定语从句中的省略,As already discussed 前已讨论As explai
16、ned before 前已解释As described above 如上所示As shown in Fig.1 如图1所示As indicated in table 2 如表2所说明的As previously mentioned 前已提到,4.科技英语中一些常用的固定省略句型,三、科技英语的语法特点（Grammar Features）,If possible 如果可能If so 倘若如此When needed 必要时Where feasible 在实际可行的场合Where possible 在可能的情况下,1)The gel was placed on a bacterial plate p
17、repared exactly as described earlier for RDA.胶放置于如前所述用于RDA所制备的细菌盘中。,it 充当形式主语（逻辑主语是后面的主语从句或不定式短语），避免句子“头重脚轻”，是一种惯用句型。,（七）It句型使用频繁准确、精炼,三、科技英语的语法特点（Grammar Features）,It is very important(possible,necessary,natural,inevitable)to,It takes very much time learning,It is clear(possible,necessary,natural,i
18、nevitable)that,It happened that,It must be admitted that,1)It has been demonstrated that prebiotic indigestible oligosaccharides clearly modulate immunological processes at the level of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue.已证明益生元非消化性寡糖在肠相关淋巴组织水平上调节免疫进程。,The purpose of this study is 本文的目的是The conclusio
19、n is that 结论是The fact is that 事实是The question is that 问题在于,（七）It句型使用频繁准确、精炼,三、科技英语的语法特点（Grammar Features）,其它惯用句型：,含有表语或表语从句的陈述句,1)The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of dietary supplemental Se on performance,lipid oxidation,and color stability of broiler chicks
20、.本试验的目的是评价日粮中添加不同水平硒对肉鸡生产性能、脂质氧化和肉色稳定性的影响。,Test have proven that 实验证实Experience has shown that 经验表明Calculations indicated that 计算表明Results demonstrate that 结果证明Fig.2 illustrates 图2表明了This implies that 这意味着,2.含宾语或宾语从句的陈述句,三、科技英语的语法特点（Grammar Features）,1)Several research groups have demonstrated that
21、a number of antimicrobial peptide genes are constitutively expressed in chicken liver.多个研究组研究表明，许多抗菌肽基因组成性地表达于鸡肝脏中。,2)Fig.2 shows the extent of discoloration during 12 d of refrigerated storage at 4.图2表明了4冷藏12天期间的脱色程度。,一般现在时：叙述一般真理，包括已确定的原理、定义、定理、定律、规则和方法等，描述公认的事实和一般结论，涉及的内容大多没有特定的时间关系和时效性。比如教材内容。,四
22、、科技英语的修辞特点（Rhetoric Features）,（一）广泛使用一般现在时、现在完成时和一般过去时,1)Salmonella enterica is one of the major causes of human food-borne gastroenteritis worldwide,and since poultry are considered to be the most important source of S.enterica for humans.肠炎沙门氏菌是引起人类食物性肠炎的主要原因，并且家禽被认为是人类肠炎沙门氏菌的最重要来源。,2),现在完成时：则多用来表
23、述已经发现或获得的研究成果。,四、科技英语的修辞特点（Rhetoric Features）,1)Family of antimicrobial peptides defensins has been identified as one of the key components of the innate immune mechanism in both vertebrate and invertebrate species.抗菌肽防御素家族被鉴定为脊椎和无脊椎动物天然免疫机制的重要组分之一。,一般过去时：介绍过去进行的工作或者强调结论或推论是来自于某个试验的特殊情况（并非一般概念或真理性结论
24、）。这种时态常见于描述背景、材料和方法、结论和讨论。,四、科技英语的修辞特点（Rhetoric Features）,一般过去时：常见于描述背景、材料和方法、结论和讨论。,常使用数据、图、表和公式等非语言因素来表明科技概念、原理、定理或定律、规则、方法以及所取得的研究结果。,四、科技英语的修辞特点（Rhetoric Features）,（二）较多地使用图、表和公式直观、简练,进行条件论述、理论分析和公式推导时，多使用逻辑关联词（logic connectors），即表示条件、原因、语气转折、限制、假设和逻辑顺序等词汇，以使行文逻辑关系清楚、层次条理分明。,（三）逻辑语法使用多,四、科技英语的修辞
25、特点（Rhetoric Features）,although,because,if,once,only,suppose,because of,due to,so,therefore,as a result,accordingly,then,thus,without、hence,consequently,however,but,yet,also,on the contrary,furthermore,finally,in short等。,Chapter 3 The style of sentence in specialized English,第三章 专业英语的文体,E.g.我想问你一个问题：
26、I want to ask you a question.*Id like to ask you a question.*May I ask you a question?,一、科技英语的文体（Stylistics in Specialized English）,A.Chinese is different from English on oral expression,一、科技英语的文体（Stylistics in Specialized English）,B.Style in English is different from Chinese,（一）科普文章和一般科技文献中常见的文体,一、
27、科技英语的文体（Stylistics in Specialized English）,2)After a hole was made in a cork,a narrow glass tube was inserted and the cork was inserted into neck of a bottle filled with colored water.On doing this,some of the colored water rose in the tube.The level of the colored water in the tube was marked.Then
28、the bottle was placed into a pan of hot water.Almost immediately,the water level in the tube fell slightly,but then it started to rise until the water overflowed.,1)We made a hole in a cork and pushed into a narrow glass tube.Then we pushed this into neck of a bottle which we had filled with colored
29、 water.When we did this some of the colored water went up into the tube.We marked the level of the colored water in the tube was marked.Then the bottle was placed into a pan of hot water.Almost immediately,the water level in the tube fell slightly,but then it started to rise until the water overflow
30、ed.,1)This piece of metal expanded when it was heated.It will contract when cooled.这篇金属遇热膨胀，遇冷收缩。Metals expand when heated and contract when cooled.金属热胀冷缩,一、科技英语的文体（Stylistics in Specialized English）,（二）科技文章要求严密、精炼、清晰和简洁,The article of science and technology is of strictness,refine,in focus and of c
31、oncision.,Chapter 4 Translation of specialized English,第四章 专业英语的翻译,句子基本上由四种主要成分组成：主语、谓语、宾语和修饰语。最根本成分是主语和谓语，修饰语（包括定语、状语、补语等）用来修饰主、谓、宾语。句素：主、谓、宾、表、定、状、补语，从而构成不同种类的句子。,一、专业英语句子结构与分析（Structure and Analysus of Specialized English）,（一）专业英语的句子结构,1.句子及其种类,（1）简单句：只有一套主谓结构High-fat diets affect adaptive immune
32、 response.高脂肪饮食影响适应性免疫应答。（2）并列句：由两个或两个以上等立的句子连在一起构成，句中哥等立句用并列连词连接。Defensins are divided into five groups,namely plant,invertebrate,-,-and-defensins,and chicken genome comprises only the family of-befensin.防御素分为五种，即植物、无脊椎动物、,和防御素，鸡基因组的防御素基因仅由-防御素组成。,了解句法的目的：通过分析、解剖句子各个组成部分之间的语法关系和结构规律，从而达到正确理解原文、增强阅读
33、和翻译准确性的目的；并逐步为用英语听、说和写作打好基础。,（3）主从句（主从复合句）：由主句和从句组成。从句按其在句子中所充当的成分，可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句和同位语从句。That china is a big country with all kinds of resources is well known.众所周知，中国是具有各种资源的大国。（主语从句）The question was whether it was common cold or influenza.问题是到底是普通感冒还是流感。（表语从句）We all know that red blood
34、cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.（我们都知道，）红细胞将氧自肺输送到身体各部。（宾语从句）Antimicrobial peptides that are gene-encoded cationic peptides,are widely distributed in various tissues.基因编码的阳离子抗菌肽广泛分布与各种组织。（定语从句）Every bit of food eaten must be dissolved in water before it can be absorbed and
35、utilized.吃进的所有食物在其被吸收和利用之前必须溶于水。（时间状语从句）,2.句子的成分,Steptomycin preparations can be administered by a variety of methods.链霉素制剂可以通过多种方法给药。,（1）主语：可以是名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词、名词化形容词以及任何作名词的词或词组乃至从句。,（2）谓语：简单谓语和复合谓语两大类。,The human body has a range of defence mechanisms.我们的机体有多种防御机制。One of the functions of bone is
36、 to protect important organs.骨的功能之一是保护重要器官。,（3）表语：与系动词一起构成谓语，可以是名词、代词、形容词、分词、动词不定式、动名词、副词、介词短语以及从句。,Most colds appear to be communicable.大多数感冒看来都具有传染性。,Bacteria must adhere to these mucosal epithelial cells before systemic invasion begins.在进行系统入侵之前，细菌必须黏附在这些黏膜上皮细胞上。（直接宾语）He bought me a New English-C
37、hinese Dictionary.他给我买了本新英汉词典。（间接宾语）,（4）宾语：通常在及物动词及介词后面，表示动作的对象或结果；有直接宾语和间接宾语；宾语可以是名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词、名词化形容词或词组以及从句。,（5）补语：用来对主语或宾语做补充说明，使其意义得以完全；主语补足语、宾语补足语。,We call the new method acupuncture anaesthesia.我们把这种新方法叫做针刺麻醉。（宾语补足语，主动语态）Jackson was appointed head of the comminttee.杰克逊被委任为委员会主任。（主语补足语，被动
38、语态）,The use of antibiotic growth promoters mainly supplemented in animal feed to boost production and prevent disease outbreaks,has been banned due to fears of antibiotic-resistant microbes in the food chain.由于担心食物链中耐药菌的产生，添加到动物饲料中以促进动物生产和预防疾病爆发的抗生素促生长剂已禁止使用了。,（6）定语：修饰或限定名词或代词；可以是名词、形容词、代词、数词、动词不定式、
39、分词、动名词、副词、介词短语以及从句。,（7）状语：用来说明动词、形容词、副词，有时还用来说明全句。,On clinical examination no changes in the animals condition were found.临床检查时，动物的体况未发现有什么变化。（介词短语做状语）,（二）专业英语的句子分析,1.抓住主语、谓语,一、专业英语句子结构与分析（Structure and Analysus of Specialized English）,2.弄清句型结构,1）简单句的翻译不存在什么问题。并列句由两个或两个以上不相从属的简单句组成，翻译一般也不存在什么大问题。,Th
40、e gut flora is generally of benefit to the host and synthesizes vitamins like folic acid,vitamin K and biotin，it also ferments undigested complex carbohydrates that reach the colon.,肠道微生物通常对宿主是有益的并合成维生素如叶酸、维生素K和生物素，它也发酵未消化的到达结肠复杂碳水化合物。,2）但由一个主句和一个甚至几个从句组成的复合句则因为层次较多、结构复杂而理解比较困难。在这种情况下，要先找到主句并弄清主句中的主
41、、谓语以及说明和修饰主、谓语的那些成份，然后在从句中找出引导词。,A recent study of P.decipiens(s.l.)samples from Atlantic Canada,by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of genomic DNA followed by Southern blotting using a heterologous cloned rDNA repeat unit as a probe,revealed the presence of P.decipiens(s.s.)and P.b
42、ulbosa in Canadian Atlantic marine fishes and seals,which was in agreement with results of a previous multilocus enzyme electrophoretic study(Paggi et al.1991)which reported the existence of P.decipiens(s.s.)and P.bulbosa in Atlantic Canada.,最近的一项研究对来自大西洋加拿大水域的拟地新线虫基因组DNA进行了限制性长度片段多态性分析，然后用一克隆的“异源”核
43、糖体DNA重复单位作为探针进行了Southern印迹分析。结果发现在加拿大的大西洋鱼类及海豹中存在P.decipiens(s.s.)及P.bulbosa。这一研究结果与Paggi等(1991)用多基因座酶电泳的研究结果一致，那项研究在大西洋加拿大水域首次报告P.decipiens(s.s.)及P.bulbosa的存在。,2.弄清句型结构,这个句子比上一句子长而且复杂，是由一个主句及二个从句组成的复合句。翻译时必须分成几句来译。,The circulating bloodThe infected blood,3.确定动词语态,科技英语多用动词的被动语态而少用主动语态，还应特别注意动词分词、动名词
44、及不定式的语态形式。我们常用动词的现在分词来表示经常的、主动的动作，而且表明动作正在进行。相反，我们用动词的过去分词来表示动作常是被动的，而且动作已经完成。,4.注意句子结构的倒装,在特定的情况下，原著者有意将主、谓语倒装，动词、宾语倒装或系动词、表语倒装，以达到特殊的表达效果,There is no problem for you to secure a scholarship.Present at that international conference are famous scientists from all over the world.,二、专业英语的翻译（Translatio
45、n of Specialized English）,一、Translation standard 翻译标准,信(faithfulness)忠实达(correctness)通顺雅(elegance)简练（典雅有文采）专业术语正确e.g.:the iron and steel industry 钢铁工业 heat stress 热应激,理想的译文仿佛是原作者的中文写作-傅雷,（二）Translation process 翻译步骤,确切表达原文内容,深刻理解原文,校对内容和语言,全文及段落：通读并领略大意句子：明辨语法关系词：辨明词义（一词多义、一词多性、抽象名词）,辨明句子类型注意短语,简单句：分
46、析句子结构：主、谓、宾、表（骨干）并列句主从复合句,名词性从句定语从句状语从句,主语从句表语从句宾语从句同位语从句,不定式短语动名词短语分词短语形容词短语名词短语,（三）英汉对比 Comparison of English and Chinese,1、句子结构的差别 Differences in structure of sentence2、词汇上的差别 Differences in Vocabulary3、主句和从句的次序不同 Difference in order of main clause and subordinate clause,1、句子结构的差别:,(1)英语简单句转换成汉语复
47、合句。(2)英语复合句转换成汉语简单句。(3)英语复合句转换成汉语复合句。(4)英语被动结构转换成汉语主动结构，或英语主动结构转换成汉语被动结构。(5)英语倒装句转换成汉语正常句序。,句子结构转换,2、词汇上的差别,英汉词义对等英汉词义部分对应furnace-鼓风炉、坩埚炉、热处理炉特性-characteristic,property,performance,behavior一对多,词义方面,adj.与 n.,词的搭配上的不同：,词序的不同：定语、状语,3、主句和从句的次序不同：,时间顺序,逻辑顺序,直译法意译法,条件：内容和结构同中文表达方式一致时 eg:I have a feeling h
48、e d surely lead us to our ancestor.优点：能保持原文的风格和异国情调注意：不死译、不硬译 eg:Nothing could be done.条件：内容和结构同中文表达方式不一致时 eg:Do you see any green in my eye?优点：能起到润色的作用 注意：不胡译、不乱译,原则：两者结合、灵活运用,翻译的两种方法,（四）一些最基本的翻译技巧,1.用活词典,Even when we reduce the salt to fine powder,it still tastes salt.,Unfortunately，the results of
49、 the present study failed to support our hypothesis that.,Reduce=捣成,Failed=未能,2.颠倒顺序：,原作者为了达到某种特殊的效果而将句子成份的正常顺序颠倒，而我们在翻译时往往又需按汉语的表达习惯将颠倒了的句子成份的顺序还原。,Their opinions,we believe,to be fair and true.,Under no circumstances will we be the first to use nuclear weapons.,（四）一些最基本的翻译技巧,3.拆句翻译：,为了准确、流畅地表达原意，在
50、翻译时为避免译文别扭、生硬，有时需要将句子拆开来译。,A nearby object falling into a black hole is never heard of again.如何译？,若将作定语的名词短语object falling into a black hole译为汉语的主谓结构，译文就十分完美。即：附近的天体一旦落入黑洞，便会销声匿迹。,（四）一些最基本的翻译技巧,4.增、减文字：,加词：即在译文中增加必要的字、词以满足汉语表达的需要。,Single-strand conformation polymorphism is a cheap,simple,fast and re
