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1、2009年考研英语辅导,张Andy()金陵科技学院外国语学院2008年10月30日,面临的困难,单词数量不足，生词太多语法基础薄弱，运用困难句子结构复杂，难以分析文章结构模糊，不知所云阅读时间紧迫，忙中出错,存在的问题,忽视加强基础，急功近利直接接触真题，信心受挫缺乏信心，指望运气不讲策略，缺少分析总结没有可行的阶段性复习计划,Contents 目录,第一讲 总论第二讲 基础知识巩固第三讲 句法结构分析第四讲 阅读技能意识训练,Contents 目录,第五讲 阅读技能篇章分析第六讲 解题思路常规阅读第七讲 解题思路非常阅读第八讲 结论,第一讲 总论,大纲解析试题分析应试策略,大纲解析,词汇：5
2、500左右的词汇以及相关词组语法：以听说读写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习 阅读A：理解主旨要义、具体信息、概念性含义，进行有关的判断、推理和引申，根据上下文推测生词的词义等阅读B：对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。,试题分析,题材：社会生活商业经济文化教育环境科学等等 体裁：议论文和说明文题型：A有语义和细节、态度和主旨,都需要推断；B完形填句考3次，标题匹配1次，段落排序至尽未考。字数：平均418个（465337）,应试策略,基础知识：记忆词汇和巩固语法背景知识：平时泛读各种题材文章阅读技能：有意识地进行技能训练解题思路：研究真题，分析总结应试心理：自信心+平常心复习计划：巩
3、固、提高、冲刺、总结,God bless me!,Contents 目录,第一讲 总论第二讲 基础知识巩固第三讲 句法结构分析第四讲 阅读技能意识训练,第二讲 基础知识巩固,词汇联想记忆大纲词汇真题词汇语法基本句型主从复合句非谓语动词独立主格结构虚拟语气倒装句,词汇联想记忆,记忆单词，记单词的什么？一个单词是有以下三个紧密不可分割的部分组成的：音sound形spelling义meaning有什么样的记忆方法吗？,词汇联想记忆,Pronunciation:principle,principalFormation:export import transportClassification:Sund
4、ayMondaySynonymy:bare bald emptyAntonymy:book reserve subscribeCollocation:phrases(v.+n./prep.)Contextualization:sayings texts songs movies,词汇联想记忆,还有其他方法吗？Cards,Software,Pictures,Wordbook还有其他方法吗？单词记忆八部秘籍,词汇词组搭配,Catch up to,appear to,compared to,according to,equal to,add to,cope with,worn out,be expo
5、sed to,more of,Tend to,wear-and-tear,give birth to,be determined to,take care of,depend on,rest with,subscribe to,make money,in part,语法基本句型,1主-系-表 He is/feels ill.2主-动The fruit store has closed.3主-动-宾I love you.4主-动-宾-宾 I paid the repairman fifty dollars.5主-动-宾-补 You may leave the child in my care.,
6、语法主从复合句,1.主语从句That she was chosen made us very happy.2.表语从句The fact is that he has left.3.宾语从句John said that he was leaving for London.,语法主从复合句,4.定语从句He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.5.状语从句As water is to fish,so air is to man.6.同位语从句We heard the news that our team had won.,语法非谓语动词,Participles
7、分词Gerunds动名词Infinitives不定式,现在分词,We can see the rising sun.There was a girl sitting there.I found a beggar lying on the road.He remained standing beside the table.Not receiving any letter from him,I gave him a call.Weather permitting,we are going to visit you tomorrow.,过去分词,He is a retired worker.Thi
8、s is the question given.Ill have my watch repaired.She looked tired after a days work.The test finished,we began our holiday.Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.,Gerunds动名词,Fighting broke out between the South and the North.Would you mind turning down your radio a little,please?He
9、r job is washing,cleaning and taking care of the children.a writing desk,a swimming pool,Gerunds动名词,admit 承认appreciate 感激avoid 避免complete完成consider认为delay 耽误deny 否认detest 讨厌endure 忍受enjoy 喜欢escape 逃脱fancy 想象finish 完成imagine 想象mind 介意miss 想念postpone推迟practice 训练recall 回忆resent 讨厌resume 继续resist 抵抗ris
10、k 冒险suggest 建议face 面对include 包括stand 忍受understand 理解forgive 宽恕keep 继续,Gerunds动名词,admit to,object to,be accustomed to,be used to,stick to,turn to,look forward to,be devoted to,pay attention to,contribute to devote oneself to,prefertono use,be busy,cant help,Infinitives不定式,Its so nice to hear your voi
11、ce.I like to keep everything tidy.We believe him to be guilty.His dream is to be a doctor.I have a lot of work to do.He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.Im glad to see you.,省去to 的动词不定式,情态动词（除ought 外）后。使役动词 let,have,make后，感官动词 see,watch,notice,observe,hear,smell,feel,find 等后。注意：被动语态中不能省去to。would
12、 rather，had better句型后Why/why not句型后,语法独立主格结构,The test finished,we began our holiday.The president assassinated,the whole country was in deep sorrow.Weather permitting,we are going to visit you tomorrow.This done,we went home.The meeting gone over,everyone tired to go home earlier.,语法独立主格结构,He came i
13、nto the room,his ears red with cold.He came out of the library,a large book under his arm.The murderer was brought in,with his hands _ behind his back。A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tiedD.tied,语法虚拟语气,If they were here,they would help you.If he had come yesterday,I should/would have told him abou
14、t it.If you should succeed,everything would be all right.If you had asked him yesterday,you would know what to do now.,语法虚拟语气,Were they here now,they could help us.Had you come earlier,you would have met him.Should it rain,the crops would be saved._ to do the work,I should do it some other day.A.If
15、were IB.I were C.Were I D.Was I,语法虚拟语气,He insisted that he（should）be sent there.I make a proposal that we（should）hold a meeting next week.order,suggest,propose,require,demand,request,insist,command,insist It is time that the children went to bed.,语法倒装句,Here is your letter.Out rushed a missile from u
16、nder the bomber.Never have I seen such a performance.Not only did he refuse the gift,he also severely criticized the sender.Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.,语法倒装句,Only in this way,can you learn English well.Try hard as he will,he never seems able to do the work satisfactoril
17、y.So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.,Homework,依据2007和2008两年的真题：列出不认识的单词找出所有的词组和固定搭配挑出常用的句型分析所有的句子,真题词汇句型,ElitePronouncedAccount forAstrological signConferStaminaConceiveManiaAt the peak of,精英显著的解释星座授予精力，毅力怀孕，设想狂热在高
18、峰期,真题词汇句型,Couple withExhibit differencesIntuitiveCognitiveEncodeSwampDeliberateEntailSetting specific goals,连在一起表现出不同直觉的，天生的认知的编码沼泽，淹没有准备的使必须设定目标,真题词汇句型,Take toMake an assertionStartlingOverratePut another waysurgeryballet,喜欢主张，声明令人吃惊的对估价过高换句话说外科芭蕾舞,真题词汇句型,SupplementFeature v.Convey messageAnalogyEn
19、visionDeduceField such queriesVisualizeFigure out,补充，增刊特写，以为特色传达信息类比，类推想象演绎即兴回答提问想象理解，想出,真题词汇句型,EludeEncompassSpecifyNeurologyDefining charactersPopulateDistributionChronologicalmultiply,躲避包围，包含指定，详细说明神经学本质特征居住于分配，分发按年代顺序的繁殖，乘，增加,真题词汇句型,CaptureAssessAnalyticalCorrelatedToil TestifySupportiveSkeptica
20、limpartial,捕获评定分析的相互联系的苦干证明，证实支持的怀疑的公平的,真题词汇句型,BiasedImplicationBudgetParachuteSide effectDisruptionStock marketFluctuationHarsh reality,有偏见的暗示，含意预算降落伞副作用分裂，中断股票市场波动严酷的现实,真题词汇句型,Campaign v.RetireePictureLegislative DeductibleDemographicsEightfoldFalloutvulnerable,从事活动退休人员情景立法的可扣除的人口统计学的八倍的副作用易受攻击的,真
21、题词汇句型,Compensate forIndicatorBoss and boardComplianceFeeble governanceInsecurityAgendaData leakageasset,赔偿指示器，指标老板和员工顺从无力的管理不安全议程资料泄露资产,真题词汇句型,On behalf ofRedundancyRecoveryLegal penaltyGo astrayInadequateSeverityFierce competitionenhance,代表冗余修复法律制裁走入歧途不充分的严重severe激烈的竞争加强,真题词汇句型,PerceiveTake the lea
22、dEnsureSatisfy.NeedAn emerging adultPeriodicallyWeaknessStrengthCollaborate,察觉，感知领先，带头确保满足需要（小大人）定期地弱点优点合作,真题词汇句型,As opposed toCliqueVauntDownsideA foggy ideaGratificationDeploySet priorities,与相对私党，小圈子自夸，吹嘘不利，下降模糊的满意展开，配置优先（考虑的事）,真题词汇句型,MonotonousBubbleEndeavorSustainedSetbackDelicateFledging adult,
23、单调的泡沫，幻想努力，尽力持久不变的挫折，退步精致，微妙，灵敏刚长大的成人,第三讲 句法结构分析,This success coupled with later research showing that memory itself as not genetically determined,led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.,第三讲 句法结构分析,Sternberg notes that traditional te
24、sts best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge，components also critical to problem solving and life success.,第三讲 句法结构分析,During the past generation，the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself fin
25、ancially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.,第三讲 句法结构分析,As a result they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back-up earner（usually Mom）who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.,第三讲 句法结构分析,Steelworke
26、rs，airline employees，and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates，stock market fluctuation，and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money.,第三讲 句法结构分析,From the middle-class family perspective，much of this，understandably，lo
27、oks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility，and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.,第三讲 句法结构分析,Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and
28、compliance troubles，and improved their feeble corporation governance，a new problem threatens to earn them-especially in America-the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite：data insecurity.,第三讲 句法结构分析,Left，until now，to odd，low-level IT staff to put right，a
29、nd seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking，telecoms and air travel，information protection is now high on the bosss agenda in businesses of every variety.,第三讲 句法结构分析,Meanwhile,the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America,disclosed on June 17th,
30、overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by Americas Federal Trade Commission(FTC)that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.,But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary ci
31、tizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.,第三讲 句法结构分析,第四讲 阅读技能意识训练,阅读目的阅读过程阅读策略阅读能力阅读模式,Purposes for reading,To search for simple informationTo skim quicklyTo learn from textsTo integrate informationTo writeTo critique textsFor gene
32、ral comprehension,Reading process,rapidefficientinteractivestrategicflexible,evaluating purposefulcomprehending learninglinguistic,Reading strategies,Specifying a purpose for readingPlanning what to do/what steps to takePreviewing the textPredicting the content of the text(sections)Checking predicti
33、onsPosing questions about the textFinding answers to posed questionsConnecting text to background knowledge,Reading strategies,Summarising informationMaking inferencesConnecting one part of the text to anotherPaying attention to the text structureRereadingGuessing the meaning of new words from conte
34、xtUsing discourse markers to see relationships,Reading strategies,Checking comprehensionIdentifying difficultiesTaking steps to repair faulty comprehensionCritiquing the authorCritiquing the textJudging how well objectives were metReflecting on what has been learned from the text,Reading ability,Low
35、er-levelLexical accessSyntactic parsingSemantic proposition formationWorking memory activation,Reading ability,Higher-levelText model of comprehensionSituation model of reader interpretationBackground knowledge use and inferenceExecutive control processes,Reading models,Bottom-up modelsTop-down mode
36、lsInteractive models,Reading skill,How to read a text It is advisable to read a comprehension passage at least twice:first to obtain a general impression of the text,second to concentrate on the important details.Sometimes a third reading is necessary to check difficulty items.(p.17,Book 1),Reading
37、skill,Reading in thought groups While making constant efforts to improve your reading comprehension,you should try consciously to increase your reading speed.And to read in thought groups is an easy,yet effective way of picking up speed and fluency.(p.62,Book 1),Reading skill,Using context clues for
38、 word meanings Definition,restatement,general knowledge,related information,examples,comparison,contrast(pp.85,107,Book 1),Reading skill,Reading for the main idea The first step to improve your comprehension is to practice reading a bit faster for the main idea.Dont waste too much time worrying abou
39、t some unknown words.(pp.145,171,Book 1),Reading skill,Recognizing import facts or details Not all facts or details are equally important.Look for the important facts that support the main idea.(p.197,Book 1),Reading skill,Using word part clues for word meanings Another way of guessing the meaning o
40、f unknown words is to looking at the formation of these words,including dividing compound words and recognizing prefixes and suffixes.(p.224,Book 1;p.17,Book 1),Reading skill,Making inferences while reading Making inferences while reading is a very important reading skill.It helps you not only to un
41、derstand better but also to appreciate more fully what you read.(p.68,Book 2),Reading skill,Reading beyond the lines A good reader is one who can read beyond the lines,seeing ideas implied through the words,and one who can bridge the gap between the obvious and the suggested,thus obtaining much more
42、 information.(p.93,Book 2),Reading skill,Looking for the thesis statement A thesis statement is a single sentence that states the central idea of an essay and conveys the writers attitude or purpose.Some writers include a thesis statement in introduction;others prefer to omit this explicit statement
43、 and just to give a general sense of the topic or thesis.(p.116,Book 2),Reading skill,Reading for implied meaning Authors do not always present their ideas or describe things using exact terms or explicit expressions.Sometimes they prefer to write in a more subtle and implicit way.(p.154,Book 2),Rea
44、ding skill,Drawing conclusions while reading Careful and thoughtful readers always think about what they are reading:trying to interpret explain and understand-the ideas presented in a reading passage.(p.178,Book 2),Reading skill,Identifying the topic sentence More often than not,one sentence in a p
45、aragraph tells the reader exactly what the subject of the paragraph is and thus gives the main idea.(p.205,Book 2),Reading skill,Understanding figurative language Just as painters draw pictures with colors,so writers paint pictures in words.They use figurative language language that compares-to prod
46、uce images in their descriptions or narrations(p.231,Book 2;p.110,Book 3),Reading skill,How to use a dictionary Scanning Increasing word power Recognizing signal words The 5 Ws Recognizing word chains(Book 3),Reading skill,Avoiding vocalization and inner speech Broadening eye span Skimming Distingui
47、shing fact from opinion Making sound judgments Recognizing denotation and connotation(Book 4),通知,考研英语写作辅导本周六开始,时间为下午1:30。,第五讲 阅读技能篇章分析,篇章题材(subject)篇章类型(type)篇章模式(pattern)案例分析(case),第五讲 阅读技能篇章分析,篇章题材 社会生活商业经济文化教育环境科学等等 阅读理解总体分析表,第五讲 阅读技能篇章分析,篇章类型描写类(descriptive)叙述类(narrative)说明类(expository)议论类(persu
48、asive),描写类(descriptive),Descriptiona snapshot of a person,place,object,or scenedeveloped through sensory details,or the impressions of ones senses sight,hearing,taste,smell,and touch,叙述类(narrative),Narrationgive an account of an event or a series of events.stories,real or imaginary,biographies,histo
49、ries,news items,and narrative poems.,说明类(expository),Expositionexplain or explore somethingprocess problem and solution.cause and effect,naturesignificance and history,说明类(expository),Description mainly deals with appearances and feelings,Narration mainly deals with events and experiences.Exposition
50、 mainly deals with processes and relationships.,说明类(expository),We are writing a descriptive essay when we describe the appearance of an object;but we are writing an expository essay when we explain how it is made,how it is used,and how it may change.When we narrate a historical event,we tell what h
