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1、Chapter 7 Standard costing,Chapter contents:1.Nature of standard costing 2.Calculation of variances 3.Causes and interdependence of variances,1.Nature of standard costing,A few definitionsTypes of standard,A few definitions,Standard costingStandard costVariance analysis,Types of standard,Basic stand
2、ardIdeal standardAttainable standardCurrent standard,2.Calculation of variances,Direct materials cost variancesDirect labor cost variancesVariable overhead variancesFixed overhead variancesNon-production overheads variancesSales variances,note:,Fixed overheads variances=Fixed production overheads va
3、riancesFor absorption costing,fixed overheads will be absorbed into cost units.The absorption basis is labor hours,the same as variable costs,which is very common in the exam questions.,Standard cost card,Materials:1)standard usage(kg)/unit 2)standard price/kgLabor:1)standard hours/unit 2)standard r
4、ate/hrVariable overheads:1)standard hours/unit 2)standard absorption rate/hrFixed overhead:1)standard hours/unit 2)standard absorption rate/hr,StandardMaterialCost/unit,StandardLabor cost/unit,Standard variableoverhead cost/unit,Standard fixedoverhead cost/unit,MC,AC,Key point to remember:,A varianc
5、e is the difference between what it should have cost and what it actually cost for the actual level of production.,Actual output(units),Should cost,Did cost,difference,variance,Favorable(F),Adverse(A),Increase profit,Decrease profit,Direct materials cost variances,Total cost variance（直接材料总差异）,Price
6、variance(价格差异）,Usage variance（用量差异）,+,actual units*standard usage/unit*standard price/kg-actual units*actual usage/unit*actual price/kg,actual units*actual usage/unit*standard price/kg-actual units*actual usage/unit*actual price/kg,actual units*standard usage/unit*standard price/kg-actual units*actu
7、al usage/unit*standard price/kg,+,Direct labor cost variances,Total cost variance（直接人工总差异）,rate variance(工资率差异）,efficiency variance（人工效率差异）,+,actual units*standard hours/unit*standard rate/hour-actual units*actual hours/unit*actual rate/hour,actual units*actual hours/unit*standard rate/hour-actual u
8、nits*actual hours/unit*actual rate/hour,actual units*standard hours/unit*standard rate/hour-actual units*actual hours/unit*standard rate/hour,+,Variable overhead variances,Total variance（总差异）,expenditure variance(耗费差异）,efficiency variance（效率差异）,+,Total variance=actual units*standard hours/unit*stand
9、ard absorption rate/hour-actual variable overhead,expenditure variance=actual hours worked*(standard absorption rateactual absorption rate),efficiency variance=(Standard hours worked-actual hours worked)*standard absorption rate/hour,+,Fixed overhead variances,Total variance（总差异）,volume variance(能量差
10、异）,expenditure variance（耗费差异）,+,actual units*standard absorption rate-actual units*actual absorption rate,volume variance=(budgeted units-actual units)*standard hours/unit*standard absorption rate,expenditure variance=budgeted expenditure-actual expenditure,+,Non-production overheads variances,Non-p
11、roduction overheads:selling and administration overheadsExpenditure variance=budgeted expenditure-actual expenditure,Sales variances,volume variance(能量差异）,price variance（售价差异）,(budgeted sales units-actual sales units)*Standard profit,(budgeted selling price-actual selling price)*actual sales units,V
12、ariances of marginal/absorption costing,Fixed production overhead variancesSales volume varianceOperating statement,Reconciliation of budget and actual profits-presenting operating statements,StatementBudgeted profit Add:Less:Actual profit,variances,3.Causes and interdependence of variances,CausesInterdependence of variances,
