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1、1,李文春 教授 Department of AnatomyHubei University of Medicine,系统解剖学Systematic Anatomy,2,【目的和要求】,绪 论 1掌握系统解剖学的定义，人体的标准姿势、方位术语、轴和面。2熟悉人体的分部和器官系统。3了解系统解剖学的任务、分科及发展简史。骨 学 1掌握骨的分类；椎骨的一般形态；胸骨的分部及重要标志。颅的组成、脑颅和面颅各骨的名称；颅整体观的重要结构。上肢骨、下肢骨的位置和形态及上、下肢骨的重要体表标志 2熟悉骨的构造；各部椎骨的主要特征；肋的组成、形态结构。3了解骨的化学成分和物理性质，骨的发生和发育，骨的可塑性
2、。腕骨、掌骨、指骨及跗骨、跖骨、趾骨的位置和排列。,3,人体解剖学教研室基本情况,省级重点学科 省级精品课程湖北省“楚天学者计划”设岗学科湖北省教学名师(本校唯一）,项仕孝教授,4,Introduction,一、Concept and division Human Anatomy is the science which deals with the morphology and structure of the human body.For medical students,human anatomy is the basic course of preclinical and clinic
3、al curriculum.,krikjulm,5,台湾学生用书,6,台湾的解剖教学,7,澳大利亚悉尼大学的解剖教学,8,澳大利亚悉尼大学的解剖教学,9,本校建成7个虚拟解剖实验室,软件功能演示,操作演示三,网络版：湖北医药学院/图书馆/数字资源/VH Dissector 5.0 可视化人体解剖学软件,10,systematic anatomy macroanatomy 巨视解剖 regional anatomy histology microanatomy cytology 微视解剖 embryology surgical anatomy surface anatomy X-ray anat
4、omy sectional anatomy locomotive anatomy,Human anatomy division,mkruntmi,maikruntmi,11,解剖学的应用,12,解剖学与疾病的诊断和治疗,颅内动脉瘤,电解式可脱性弹簧圈栓塞治疗动脉瘤,全脑数字减影动脉造影,13,世界上首颗人造心脏照片 1969年曾跳动三天,14,用天然平台制造人工心脏取得成功,美国科学家利用全器官脱细胞化（whole organ decellularization）方法，在实验室中制成了大鼠和猪的人工心脏。这一成果有望为人类人工心脏制备提供新的方法。相关论文发表于自然医学（Nature Medi
5、cine）上。,15,英科学家用胚胎干细胞3D打印人体器官,据国外媒体报道，科学家离培育重要器官又近一步，不久可能使从人到人的移植成为历史。专家已研发出三维打印技术，可用胚胎干细胞制造人体组织。这种由爱丁堡赫瑞-瓦特大学开发出的方法意味着病入膏肓的病人可轻易获得肝脏、心脏和其他器官。,16,二、人体解剖学发展简史（自学）三、我国人体解剖学的发展历程（自学）,17,四、The parts and systems of the body,.The human body is divided into ten parts.the head the neck the thorax the back t
6、he abdomen the pelvis and perineum the upper limbs the lower limbs,:rks,perini:m,18,Locomotor system 运动系统Alimentary(Digestive)system 消化系统Respiratory system 呼吸系统Urinary system 泌尿系统Reproductive system 生殖系统Endocrine system 内分泌系统Circulatory system 脉管系统Sense organs 感觉器Nervous system 神经系统,.There are nine
7、systems in human body,limentri,19,五、The anatomical position,terms of direction,axis and planes,.Anatomical position 解剖学姿势 Human body is supposed to be in the erect posture,with the face and toes forward,the arms hanging by the sides and the palms of the hands directed forward,the heels near to each
8、other.,hi:lz,ntmikl,尸体摆标准姿势,.The terms of direction Superior and inferior Anterior and posterior(ventral)and(dorsal)Medial and lateral Internal and external Superficial and profound Proximal近 and distal远 Ulnar 尺and radial桡 Tibial胫 and fibular 腓,ln,21,.The axis and planes vertical axis axis sagittal
9、axis frontal axis sagittal plane planes frontal plane horizontal plane,vertical,sagittal,frontal,hrizntl,22,六、人体解剖学的学习方法,（1）形态与功能结合。（2）局部与整体结合。（3）理论与实际结合。,授课形式：理论实验,实验课穿白大衣,人体解剖学实验教程思考题,实验课当堂提问考核，占总成绩30,23,爱护尸体,24,运 动 系 统Locomotor system,25,The locomotor system consists of bones,joints and muscles,o
10、rigin,belly,tendon,insertion,26,Chapter 1 Osteology 骨学,206 According to the location of the bones,it can be divided into skull,bones of trunk,bones of limbs.The former two form the axial bone.,Section 1 The general description,stildi,27,一、The shape and classification of the bones,long bone 长骨 short
11、bone 短骨 flat bone 扁骨 irregular bone 不规则骨,irejul,28,1.long bones are found in limbs,it consists of a bodyand two ends.,Medullary cavity,Epiphysis,Epiphysial cartilage,Body,Epiphysis,29,2.Short bones The short bones distribute in wrist and foot.,30,3.Flat bones They distribute in skull and chest.,skul
12、l,chest,31,4.Irregular bones The irregular bones are varied in shape,such as cranial bones and vertebrae.,sinus,vertebrae,32,The living bones consist of bony substance 骨质,periosteum 骨膜 and bone marrow 骨髓.,Periosteum,Bony substance,Bone marrow,二、The structure of bones,peristim,33,1.Bony substance(1)C
13、ompact bone:坚实致密，配布于骨表面。,(2)Spongy bone：呈海绵状，配布于骨的内 部，由骨小梁组成。,34,2.Periosteum It covers the surface of the bone(except the articular part),it consists of two layers:an outer and an inner membrane.,Periosteum,骨膜剥离太多骨折难以愈合 增高术,:tikjul,35,3.Bone marrow Bone marrow is found in the medullary cavities of
14、long bones and within spaces in spongy bone.There are two kinds of bone marrow,red and yellow.,Red marrow,Yellow marrow,骨髓穿刺部位？,36,三、The chemical composition and physical properties of bone,organic,inorganic,Living bones are plastic tissues with organic and inorganic.,n:nik,37,Section 2 The axial bo
15、ne 中轴骨,一、The bones of trunk 躯干骨,The bones of trunk include the vertebrae,the sternum and the ribs,which provide framework(支架)for the vertebral column(脊柱),the thoracic cage(胸廓)and the pelvis(骨盆).,(:)rsik,38,(一）The vertebrae 椎骨,In a child,the normal number of the separate vertebrae is 32 or 33.Cervica
16、l 颈vertebrae:C7Thoracic胸vertebrae:T12Lumbar腰vertebrae:L5Sacral骶vertebrae:S5Coccygeal尾vertebrae:Co34,C,T,L,S,Co,kksidil,39,1.The general features of vertebrae,vertebral body 椎体 vertebral foramen vertebral canalvertebral arch 椎弓 pedicle of vertebral arch intervertebral foramen laminae of vertebral arc
17、h spinous processSeven processes transverse processes articular processes,40,2.The main characteristics of vertebrae in each region,(1)Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎 the body is heart-shaped.there are costal fovea.articular facets of articular processes are relatively coronary.the spinous process are long an
18、d downward sloping,krnri,41,(2)Cervical vertebrae 颈椎 the body is small.articular facets of articular processes are relatively horizontal.vertebral foramen is large and is nearly triangular.there are the transverse foramen.the spinous process are short and bifid.,traijul,42,Luschka关节颈椎病,43,44,the fir
19、st cervical vertebrae is known as atlas 寰椎.the second cervical vertebrae is known as axis 枢椎.the seventh cervical vertebrae is known as vertebra prominens 隆椎.,tls,ksis,45,(3)Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎 the body is large.vertebral foramen is triangular.articular facets of articular processes are almost sagit
20、tal.the spinous process are strong,short,square and horizontal.,46,(4)The sacrum 骶骨 promontory 岬 anterior sacral foramina sacral hiatus 骶管裂孔 sacral cornu 骶角,(5)The coccyx,岬,prmntri,47,(二）The sternum 胸骨,It consists of three parts,the manubrium柄,body 体 and xiphoid process 剑突 sternal angle 胸骨角,mnu:bri:
21、m,body,xiphoid process,sternal angle,zifid,48,(三）The ribs 12 pair,1.General featuresRibs 17 called true ribs真肋Ribs 812 called false ribs 假肋Ribs 810 to form costal arch 肋弓Ribs 1112 called floating ribs 浮肋,49,2.Characteristics of rib,costal bone costal head costal neck costal tubercle shaft of rib cos
22、tal angle costal groove costal cartilage,tju:bkl,二、The skull 颅,The skull contains 23 bones.The skull is divided into two parts:cerebral cranium（脑颅）and facial cranium(面颅),面部的年龄变化,frontal bone额骨 ethmoid bone筛骨 Unpaired sphenoid bone蝶骨 occipital bone枕骨 parietal bone顶骨 paired temporal bone颞骨,(一）The cere
23、bral cranium,The cerebral cranium consists of eight cranial bones.,maxillae上颌骨 palatine bone 腭骨 paired zygomatic bone 颧骨 bones nasal bone 鼻骨 lacrimal bone泪骨 inferior nasal conchae下鼻甲 vomer 犁骨Unpaired mandible下颌骨 bones hyoid bone 舌骨,(二）The facial cranium,The facial cranium are fifteen in number.,(二）T
24、he facial cranium,1.The mandible,2.The hyoid bone,angle of mandible,55,世界首例3D打印下颌移植手术,技术人员可根据移植患者的具体需求来设计骨骼部件的效果图，然后利用高精度的镭射枪来熔解钛粉，并将它们一层层地喷涂叠加起来，最终形成一个立体的人造骨骼部件成品。,通过3D立体打印技术制作人造骨骼对于医疗移植技术的未来发展来说是至关重要的，因为它可以贴合各种需求制作出复杂精细的骨骼或软组织构造，提高移植手术的速度和成功率。,长方脸,圆脸,方脸,瓜子脸,下颌角与面型的关系按流行的分类方法，中国人的脸形可分为方脸、圆脸、长方脸、长圆脸
25、，其中以长圆脸俗称瓜子脸最受青睐。,芳龄24岁的林小姐下颌角向外膨隆，形成一典型的国字脸。这张脸要是男子汉倒能显出几分粗犷，几分威严，但却给爱美的林小姐凭添无数烦恼。,怎么办呀！,短脸、方脸通过整形可以变成漂亮的瓜子脸。,下颌角肥大矫正术,(三）The skull as a whole 颅的整体观,1.The superior aspect of the skull,coronal suture冠状缝 sagittal suture矢状缝 lambdoid suture人字缝,The skull is generally ovoid when from above,and is wider b
26、ehind than in front.It formed by four cranial bones.,2.The posterior aspect of the skull,The most outstanding feature of the occipital bone is external occipital protuberance枕外隆凸.The ridge骨嵴 passing on each side laterally of the protuberance is the superior nuchal line上项线,3.The internal surface of t
27、he base of skull,It is divided into three fossa.These are the anterior,the middle and the posterior cranial fossa.,frontal crest额嵴 foramen cecum盲孔 crista galli 鸡冠 cribriform plat 筛板 cribriform foramina筛孔,(1)The anterior cranial fossa 颅前窝,In the center is the hypophysial fossa 垂体窝.In front of the hyp
28、ophysial fossa is the optic canal 视神经管.Lateral to the hypophysial fossa is the carotid sulcus 颈动脉沟.There are a series of foramina in the lateral portion of the middle cranial fossa:foramen rotundum 圆孔,foramen ovale 卵圆孔 foramen spinosum 棘孔,(2)The middle cranial fossa 颅中窝,It is the largest and deepest
29、 of the three cranial fossa.The lowest part of the fossa presents the foramen magnum枕骨大孔，There are hypoglossal canal 舌下神经管内口 above the anterolateral margin of the foramen magnum.,(3)The posterior cranial fossa,Behind the foramen magnum,there are the internal occipital protuberance枕内隆凸,sulcus for tra
30、nsverse sinus横窦沟,sulcus for sigmoid sinus乙状窦沟,jugular foramen颈静脉孔.internal acoustic pore 内耳门,Foramen magnum 枕骨大孔,Sulcus for transverse sinum横窦沟,Sulcus for sigmoid sinus乙状窦沟,Jugular foramen 颈静脉孔,Internal acoustic pore 内耳门,Posterior cranial fossa 颅后窝,4.The external surface of the base of skull,incisiv
31、e foramen 切牙孔 greater palatine foramen腭大孔 posterior nasal apertures鼻后孔 occipital condyle 枕髁 hypoglossal canal舌下神经管外口 jugular foramen 颈静脉孔 styloid process 茎突 stylomastiod foramen 茎乳孔,70,研究显示爱情有助于缓解疼痛,疼痛实验 研究人员在美国斯坦福大学招募15名本科生，让他们手握一个物体，这一物体在电脑控制下会慢慢加温，温度会使受试者感到轻微疼痛。与此同时，受试者分别观看自己热恋对象和一名熟人的照片。研究人员对受试者
32、的大脑进行功能性核磁共振(fMRI)扫描，记录大脑活动。实验结果显示，爱情的方法可缓解疼痛。“爱情止痛药”作用于大脑的奖励中心，刺激大脑深部组织，抑制疼痛感。,5.The lateral view of skull,external acoustic pore外耳门 mastoid process 乳突 zygomatic arch 颧弓 temporal fossa 颞窝 infratemporal fossa 颞下窝,pterion：in the temporal fossa,the area,where the four bones,frontal,parietal,temporal a
33、nd sphenoid,is known as pterion 翼点.,(p)tirin,硬膜外血肿,74,颅内血肿微创穿刺引流术,6.The front view of skull,(1)the forehead 额区 superciliary arch 眉弓,(2)the orbits 眶 orbital opening 眶口 supraorbital foramen(notch)眶上孔 infraorbital foramen眶下孔 orbital apex:optic canal 视神经管口 superior wall:lacrimal fossa泪腺窝,medial wall:lac
34、rimal sac fossa泪囊窝,nasolacrimal canal 鼻泪管 inferior wall:infraorbital fissure 眶下裂 lateral wall:supraorbital fissure 眶上裂,(3)the bony nasal cavity nasal septem 鼻中隔 superior middle conchae甲 inferior superior middle meatus道 inferior sphenoethmoidal recess 蝶筛隐窝,(4)the paranasal sinuses 鼻旁窦,the frontal 额 s
35、inuses,the ethmoidal 筛sinuses,the sphenoidal 蝶sinuses,the maxillary上颌 sinuses,(5)the oral cavity 骨性口腔,(四）The skull at birth（自学）,anterior fontanelle,posterior fontanelle,Section 3 The appendicular skeleton附肢骨,The brief introduction Include the bones of upper limbs and lower limbs.Because of the erect
36、 standing,the upper limbs are released from weight bearing and become the organs of labour.so that the bones of upper limbs are lighter and smaller in shape and size.the bones of lower limbs are very heavy and strong.,pndkjl,一、Bones of upper limbs上肢骨,Composition:Should girdle clavicle 锁骨 scapula 肩胛骨
37、Bones of free upper limb In arm:humerus 肱骨In forearm:ulna尺骨 radius 桡骨 In hand:carpal 腕骨、metacarpals 掌骨phalanges 指骨,（一）上肢带骨 1.锁骨 clavicle 内侧端：胸骨端 外侧端：肩峰端 锁骨骨折多在中、外 1/3交界处。,（上面观）,（下面观）,83,The weakest part of the clavicle is at the junction of the middle and lateral thirds,骨折部位,2.肩胛骨 scapula 位置：贴于胸廓后外面
38、 前面：肩胛下窝 两 面 后面：肩胛冈、肩峰 上缘：肩胛切迹、喙突 三 缘 内侧缘（脊柱缘）外侧缘（腋缘）上角：第2肋 三个角 下角：第7肋或第7间隙 外侧角：关节盂,85,1.肱骨 humerus,上端 肱骨头 大、小结节 解剖颈 外科颈：骨折后成“方肩”体 桡神经沟：垂腕下端 肱骨小头 肱骨滑车 鹰嘴窝 内、外上髁 尺神经沟,(二）自由上肢骨,前面,后面,86,2.桡骨 radius 桡骨头 桡骨颈 桡骨粗隆 桡骨茎突 3.尺骨 ulna 鹰嘴 滑车切迹 桡切迹 尺骨头 尺骨茎突,前面,后面,87,Fracture of the distal end of the radius,4.手骨(
39、1)腕骨 8块(2)掌骨 5块(3)指骨 14块,舟月三角豆大小头状钩,89,二、Bones of Lower Limb下肢骨,Composition:Pelvic girdle:hip bone 髋骨Bones of free lower limb:in thigh:Femur股骨(patella髌骨)in leg:Tibia胫骨 and fibula腓骨in foot:Tarsals跗骨,metatarsals 跖骨,phalanges of toes趾骨,（一）下肢带骨 髋骨 hip bone 由髂骨、耻骨和坐骨组成。,91,髂骨 ilium,髂嵴髂前上棘髂后上棘髂结节髂窝弓状线,92,
40、2坐骨 ischium,坐骨棘坐骨小切迹坐骨大切迹坐骨结节,93,3耻骨 pubis,髂耻隆起耻骨上支耻骨下支耻骨梳耻骨结节耻骨嵴耻骨联合面闭孔,4髋臼,髋臼,94,1.股骨 femur,(二）自由下肢骨,上端 股骨头 大、小转子 股骨颈体 粗线下端 内、外侧髁 内、外上髁 收肌结节,后面,前面,95,Fracture of the femoral neck,2.髌骨 patella 全身最大的籽骨，参与构成膝关节。,前面,关节面,后面,97,3胫骨 tibia 内、外侧髁 髁间隆起 胫骨粗隆 内踝 4腓骨 fibula 腓骨头 腓骨颈 外踝,前面,后面,内踝,外踝,98,5足骨(1)跗骨 7块(2)跖骨 5块(3)趾骨 14块,距跟舟三楔骰,99,思考题,参考人体解剖学实验教程,100,101,Summary,102,Thats all for today,Thank you!,
