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1、交替（即席、连续）传译(Consecutive Interpreting)演讲、祝词、谈判、参观、采访、宴会等。同声传译(Simultaneous Interpreting)会议传译（conference simultaneous interpreting)）视译(On-Sight Interpreting)咬耳传译(Whispering Interpreting)英语导游算口译员吗？,口译的种类,1、按操作形式：a.交替口译（alternating interpretation）b.接续翻译（consecutive interpretation）c.同声传译（simultaneous int
2、erpretation）d.耳语口译（whispering interpretation）e.视阅口译（sight interpretation）2、按传译方向：a.单向口译（one-way interpretation）b.双向口译（two-way interpretation）3、按任务分类：a.导游口译（guide interpretation）b.礼仪口译（ceremony interpretation）c.宣传口译（information interpretation）d.会议口译（conference interpretation）e.谈判口译（negotiation interp
3、retation）,1.Sight translation译员拿到一份书面文字材料，把它口头翻译出来。2.Sight interpretation译员手头有文字材料，还有听觉信息输入，这个过程是边看，边听，边说。译员要跟上发言人语速。,视译种类,1）视译要求译语产出与源语发布同步进行，因此译员在听完一段讲话后，无法按目的语表达习惯对源语词序先作出较大调整，然后再给出译文，他只能按源语讲话的句子顺序将先听到的和看到的先译；此外由于时间的限制，译员也无法对刚刚发布的译语进行过多的修正和补充，他必须尽量让译语的产出一次成型。,视译练习与同声传译的相似之处：,Japan surrendered in
4、1945 after Americans dropped two atom bombs.日本人在1945年投降了。美国人投了两颗原子弹后。日本人投降了，那是在1945年，在这之前，美国人投了两颗原子弹。Resisting the Temptation of Seeking Perfection！,Eg.,2）由于时间限制，视译与同传译员都必须做到眼、耳、口并用，以便在同一时间处理好双耳分听、信息预测、断句、试译以及译语的重组、发布、修正与监听等多重任务；同时译员还需灵活运用推理、概括、解释、挪位、添加、删简、重复等技巧，保证译语的顺利产出。,视译练习与同声传译的相似之处：,3）通过视译练习，学
5、员学会在领受口译任务之后认真分析讲稿，并通过有针对性的阅读积累主题知识，扫除口译过程中可能遇到的理解和术语障碍，并尽可能地事先准备好发言稿的译文（至少也应打好译文腹稿），以取得更好的传译效果。这一过程与同传译员的译前准备工作非常相似。,视译练习与同声传译的相似之处：,视译也称为：有稿同传(Simultaneous Interpreting with Text)一般的同声传译训练：注意力的分配训练 视译 无稿同声传译,因此：,1)不可回头重说(backtrack)2)译者的视觉距离(perceptual span)不够大，或讯息处理(message processing)的能量不足，或是标示记号
6、不够周全，都会造成必须重新安排讯息单位次序的窘境。3)若是遗漏重要的讯息，则可另外加一句补足意思。4)表达要流畅，简洁，明白。要能掌握讯息的重点。5)出现this、that、these、those，往往需要加以说明，指的是什么：,视译表达的注意事项：,1）选一篇材料，进行中英互翻。练习的材料:较为前沿的信息 2）速度要均匀，不要停顿太久，3）初级阶段：尽量使用顺译技巧 高级阶段：这一阶段适用于能够一目一行或几行并同时能够理解用另一种语言及该语言的最熟练的一种结构将材料翻译出来。,视译练习方法：,实战篇第一原则:依序顺译,1.There will come a day when people t
7、he world over will live a happy life under the sun of socialism.,2.On the average,male students score higher on tests that measure mathematical reasoning,mechanical ability,and problem solving skills.3.Eugene Rostow was director of the US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency until 1983 when he was fi
8、red after repeated clashes with the White House over the conduct of strategic weapons talks with the Soviets in Geneva.,1 笔译译文打破了英语原句语序，而视译译文基本保持原文语序2 笔译译文结构紧凑，而视译疑问结构较松散，较口语化3 笔译译文与视译译文传达的内容信息基本相同。任何口译形式传达的都是informationwords。,笔译与视译区别,scholarly treatise 学术论文bureaucracy 政府部门rational 合乎情理的courteous有礼貌
9、的Internal Revenue Service(美国)国内收入署welfare department福利部门bungle 弄糟，搞坏discriminatory 带有歧视的 insensitive冷漠的rev up 加速,语段词汇,Most ironic was the image of government that was born of these experiences.As any scholarly treatise on the subject will tell you,the great advantage bureaucracy is supposed to offer
10、 for a complex,modern society like ours is efficient,rational,uniform and courteous treatment for the citizens it deals with.Yet not only did these qualities not come through to the people I talked with,it was their very opposites that seemed more characteristic.People of all classes-the rich man de
11、aling with the Internal Revenue Service as well as the poor woman struggling with the welfare department-felt that the treatment they had received had been bungled,not efficient;unpredictable,not rational;discriminatory,not uniform;all too often,insensitive,rather than courteous.It was as if they ha
12、d bought a big new car that not only did not run when they wanted it to,but periodically revved itself up and drove all around their yards.,1.Many Chinese people feel a little bit puzzled when they see a series of events that the US government seems to have taken a more confrontational approach towa
13、rd China.2.And I think what I would like to say to the Chinese people is that we view China as a very important nation that is going through a period of transformation.,练习,3.President Bush very much believes in getting to meet other leaders and to talk to them face to face and convey that American a
14、ttitude of“lets see if we can work together to solve any problems that exist between us,and lets always be doing what we can to improve the relationship between our two countries.”,4.The areas that we will have some difficulty with,and the President will be candid about this,have to do with human ri
15、ghts,and we do have some concerns about proliferation issues.5.Because the relationship between the United States and China is so complex and it has so many pieces to it that it doesnt do it justice to capture it with a single word.,6.But it is a relationship that increasingly will be based on frien
16、dship,on trust,on working together,on working through problems,on being candid with each other when we have disagreements,and some people have called it a partnership in the past.,以类意群断句断句是保持译出语语序的关键断句的关键在于采取可行的断句方法 单词？意群？整句？断句的基本方法是使用类意群作为视译单位。类意群是一种类似意群却又比它更加灵活的单位。,第二原则,1 相对独立的意义概念。可以独立翻译而不产生意义上的误
17、会或不完整。2 在一目可及的范围之内，指译员可以一目扫过而尽收眼中的长度。能保证译员速度。3 能够通过连接语较灵活地与前后的视译单位结合。指在增加一个连接词后，就可以比较顺畅地将一个句子的意思完整地表达出来。,类意群特征,1.The moment when all the people in the organization became angry and began to argue with one another as to who should take the responsibility was exactly the time when an even more serious
18、 event took place.,2.Indeed,we hope to intensify work with a China that not only adjusts to the international rules developed over the last century,but also joins us and others to address the challenges of the new century.,3.The General Assembly recognized the importance of international cooperation
19、 in devising measures effectively to prevent their(terrorist acts)occurrence and of studying their underlying causes with a view to finding just and peaceful solutions as quickly as possible.,4.The moment when the United states took its place as a leader and a permanent actor on the stage of interna
20、tional politics-at the end of the Second World War-coincided with the dawn of the nuclear age.,Communications Department 交通处station 驻扎 billet 安顿Partisan school 党校radio operator 无线电报务员Unleavened 不发酵的Whole-wheat bread 全麦馒头millet 小米 famish 挨饿nonchalant 冷淡的bill 帽舌 flap（帽边等）垂下provoke 激起，引起，惹 Embolden使有胆量
21、，使更勇敢,视译语段中词汇,After I talked for a few minutes with Chou Enlai,and explained who I was,he arranged for me to spend the night in Pai Chia Ping,and asked me to come next morning to his headquarters,in a nearby village.I sat down to dinner with a section of the Communication Department，which was statio
22、ned here,and I met a dozen young men who was billeted in Pai Chia Ping.Some of them were teachers in the partisan school,one was a radio operator,and some were officers of the Red Army.Our meal consisted of boiled chicken,unleavened whole-wheat bread,cabbages,millet,and potatoes,of which I ate heart
23、edly.,视译语段,But,as usual,there was nothing to drink but hot water and I could not touch it.I am famished with thirst.The food was served-delivered is the word-by two nonchalant young lads wearing uniforms several sizes too large for them,and peaked Red Caps with long bills that kept flapping down ove
24、r their eyes.They looked at me sourly at first,but after a few minutes I managed to provoke a friendly grin from one of them.Emboldened by this success,I called to him as he went past.,To be continued,类意群间的衔接视译的连接成分不是语法中的连接词，而是连接两个类意群之间的一种句子成分，它可以是代词，名词，也可以是词组等，目的是使整个句子通顺。The old man,who was walking
25、 slowly along the riverside,looked around and stopped from time to time.That those young people who had been so energetic died so suddenly in the earthquake was a real shock to evertbody.,第三原则,In this small town,almost everyone knew Mr.Smith,the onetime boss of a prestigious company called Smith it
26、was later adopted by people working in such areas as education,psychology and sociology,where the subjects of research were often people.But sadly the international community only reacts when the media beams the painful spectacle of world suffering into the homes of the wealthy countries.,视译中两种连接情况一
27、、需要增加名词或代词作连接成分的句子,Finally he succeeded in inventing the new product through repeated consultation and experiments.She tried to pronounce sound correctly by reading the poem aloud every morning.Despite the heavy rain,they managed to arrive at the summer camp in good time.,二、介词引导的句子成分,Asian American
28、亚裔美国人Family grocery 家庭经营的杂货店Legacy 遗产Endemic 某地（或某些人中）流行的Identity crisis 认同危机Accommodationist倾向白人思想观点的,语段视译词汇,It is often said that Asian Americans are a“model minority”,with Parents who work 18 hours a day in the family grocery and children who work with equal amazing perseverance in the classroom.
29、At a glance,the evidence seems clear:while the first Asians to come to America lived poorly as a farmers,miners and railway workers,we now enjoy one of the highest average incomes in the country.Here at Harvard,18%of the class of 1996 are Asian Americans,compared to 3%of the total US population.By f
30、ocusing on the“positive stereotype”,however,one neglects the other side of our lives.,视译语段一,For many of us-the second generation-there is something uncomfortable about being Asian in America.Although many of us appreciate the great sacrifices our parents have made,their economic success somehow repr
31、esents for us an unsatisfying legacy.We suffer in particular from an endemic identity crisis.We have begun to question the accommodationist ways of our forebears,our quietly studious manner,our narrow priorities,and our previous notions of success.,To be continued,There are many kinds of courage.Awe
32、some kinds.And everyday kinds.Still,courage is couragewhatever kind.Courage is riding your bicycle for the first time without training wheels.Courage is a spelling bee and your word is superciliousness.Couarge is two candy bars and saving one for tomorrow.,视译语段二,Courage is nobody better pick on your
33、 little brother.Courage is its your job to check out the night noises in the house.Courage is being the new kid on the block and saying,flat out,“Hi,my names wayne.Whats yours?Courage is tasting the vegetable before making a face.Courage is not peeking at the last pages of your whoduit book to find
34、out who did it.,To be continued,Courage is being the first to make up after an argument.Courage is deliberately stepping on sidewalk cracks.Courage is the juicy secret you promised never to tell.Courage is breaking bad habits.Courage is suddenly remembering a silly joke and trying not to giggle when
35、 everyone else is being especially serious.Courage is arriving much too early for a birthday party.,To be continued,Courage is sending a valentine to someone you secretly admire and signing your real name.Courage is admiring,but not plucking.Courage is going to bed without a nightlight.Courage is de
36、ciding to have your hair cut.Courage is trying to cover up your mean,jealous side.Courage is explaining the rip in your brand-new pants.,To be continued,Courage is going on again.Courage is if you knew where there were some mountains,you would definitely climb them.Courage is exploring heights and d
37、epths.Courage is a blade of grass breaking through the icy snow.Courage is starting over.Courage is holding on to your dream.Courage is sometimes having to say goodbye.Courage is what we give to each other.,To be continued,Your Excellency State CouncilorDai Bingguo,Your Excellencies Diplomatic Envoy
38、s,Representatives of International Organizations and Your Spouses,Distinguished Guests,Ladies and Gentlemen,Dear Friends,视译语段三,The New Year is a time of renewal and hope.I am delighted to join you,friends both old and new,on this beautiful evening to ring the old year out and the new year in.On beha
39、lf of the Foreign Ministry of the Peoples Republic of China and in my own name,I wish to extend warmest festive greetings to you all.,To be continued,The year 2009 has witnessed profound and complex changes in the international scene,brought about by the extremely severe financial crisis.The ever pr
40、essing global issues have made countries all the more interdependent,and the call for peace,development and cooperation,which represent the trend of our times,has grown stronger.Multilateralism and democracy in international relations have gained greater popular support,while opening up and cooperat
41、ion for win-win progress have become the shared aspirations of the international community.,To be continued,Time and tide wait for no man,and only diligence and perseverance will be rewarded.We hope to continue our good cooperation with you in the coming year.Let us work together for world peace,stability and development.I now propose a toast,to the steady progress of the mutually-beneficial cooperation and friendly relations between China and other countries of the world,and to a happy new year for all of you present this evening.Cheers!,To be continued,
