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1、1,By amplification we mean supplying necessary words in our translation work so as to make the version correct and clear,to make it more like the language translated into.Of course words thus supplied must be indispensable either syntactically or semantically.In other words,a translator is not suppo
2、sed to add any meaning to the original.There are two kinds:1)Words for syntactic constructionto secure correctness,2)Words supplied for semantic completionto secure clearness.Both aim at making the version expressive and readily understood by the reader.,3.3 Amplification(增译法),2,1、增加动词,1).Reading ma
3、kes a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.,读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记（写作）使人准确。,2).We dont regret,we never have and never will.,我们不会后悔，我们从来没有后悔过，我们将来也不会后悔。,3).After the basketball,he still has an important conference.,看完篮球比赛之后，他还有一个重要会议要参加。,3,2.增加形容词或副词,1).With what enthusiasm the Chinese
4、people are building socialism!,中国人民正以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！,人群渐渐散开了。,2).The crowds melted away.,他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。,3).As he sat down and began talking,words poured out.,4,4).She lingered long over his letter.,5).In the films of those days,all too often it was the same one:boy tractor driver meets girl tra
5、ctor driver;they fall in love and drive tractor together.,在那时候的电影里，总是老一套：男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇，继而相爱，终而并肩开拖拉机了。,她反反复复地回味着他的来信。,5,玛丽的丈夫癌症去世后，就靠洗衣服维持生活。,2).Mary washed for a living after her husband died of cancer.,3).He ate and drank,for he was exhausted.,他吃了 点东西，喝了点酒，因为他疲惫不堪了。,3.增加名词,1).First you borrow,th
6、en you beg.,头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。,6,4).That black jacket is indeed cheap and fine.,那件黑夹克真是价廉物美。,5).He was wrinkled and black,with scant gray hair.,他满脸皱纹，皮肤黝黑，头发灰白稀疏。,6).A new kind of carsmall,cheapis attracting increasing attention.,一种新型轿车正越来越引起人们的注意这种轿车体积小，价钱便宜。,由例、可见，均在形容词前增加名词，从而使译文更具体，更符合译语习惯。,7,8).His
7、arrogance made everyone dislike him.,他的傲慢态度使谁也不喜欢他。,9).After all preparations were made,the planes were flown across the U.S.to San Francisco.,一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就飞越美国去了旧金山。,由例8、9可以看出，某些动词或形容词派生来的抽象名词，翻译时可以根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词，使译文更符合规范。又如：,8,to persuade 说服 persuasion说服工作to prepare 准备 preparation准备工作backward 落
8、后 backwardness落后状态tense 紧张 tension紧张局势arrogant 自满 arrogance自满情绪mad 疯狂 madness 疯狂行为antagonistic敌对 antagonism 敌对态度,9,4.增加代词,1).小不忍则乱大谋。,If one is not patient in small thing,one will never be able to control great ventures.,2).交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方，这样你才能把工作做好。（钟述孔英汉翻译手册）,Before handing in your trans
9、lation,you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved.Only thus can you do your work well.(Zhong Shukong,A Handbook of Translation),10,He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.,3).没有调查就没有发言权。,当然了，例还可以认为是增补主语“he”。又如：“又要马儿跑得快
10、,又要马儿不吃草,简直可笑。”,You want the horse to run fast and yet you dont let it graze.Isnt it ridiculous!,Dont put your hands in your pockets.,4).别把手搁在口袋里。,11,5).一天天冷起来了。,It is getting colder day by day.,6)尝试而失败还是比不尝试好。,It is better to try and fail than never try at all.,7).你三星期完成这项设计不容易。,It was not easy for
11、 you to finish this design in three weeks.,8).把钟拆开比把它装起来容易。It is easier to take a clock apart than to put it together again.,12,5、增加语气词或量词,汉语有许多语气助词，如“的”、“吧”、“呢”、“啊”、“呀”、“嘛”、“吗”、“啦”、“了”不同的语气词可以发挥不同的作用，英汉互译时需用心体验，以期译出从意义和修辞色彩等都符合的译文。同时，英语中的数词（包括不定冠词a）与可数名词直接连用，它们之间并无量词，而汉语往往要借助量词。因此英译汉时，应根据实际情况恰当地增加表
12、示其形状、特征或材料的名量词。,不要生气嘛！我不过开开玩笑罢了。,1).Dont get angry.Im just making fun of you.,13,3).They(the eyes)were the same colour as the sea,cheerful and undefeated.,2).As for me,I didnt agree from the very beginning.,我呢，从一开始就不赞成。,那双眼睛啊，像海水一样的蓝，令人愉快，毫不沮丧,4).A red sun is rising slowly on the horizon.,一轮红日正从地平线上
13、冉冉升起。,14,5).A stream was winding its way through the valley in into the Dadu river.,一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇合到大渡河去了。,6）This too was a complicate lie.,这也纯粹是一派胡言。,7).Once,they had a quarrel.,有一次，他们争吵了一番。,15,从例7、8、9可见，英语中有些动词或动作名词，译成汉语时常需增加一些表示行为、动作的动量词。又如：have a rest 休息一下;make a stop停一下.,8).Seeing is believing.,百
14、闻不如一见。,9).The essence remains its identity while appearances may vary.,万变不离其宗。,16,White clouds float over the blue sky.Can you manage without help?I dare say that the Chinese way of reforms is more characteristic and effective than others.In general,all the metals are good conductors,with silver the
15、 best and copper the second.Dont be weaving.He was wrinkled and black,with scant gray hair.“How shall I do it?”“Just as you wish!”He felt the patriot rise within his breast.,17,Opposite to the principle of amplification,omission is however not contradictory to it.On contrary,omission supplementary t
16、o amplification,omits what is considered necessary and indispensable in English may be deemed useless,superfluous and even encumbrance.This principal makes the version brief,concise and clear.For example,1).A book is useful.书（是）有用（的）。2).The earth goes around the sun.地球绕太阳转。3).On Sundays we have no s
17、chool.礼拜天我们不上课。,3.4 Omission(省译法),18,1.省略代词 英语中通常每句都有主语。但根据汉语习惯，但前句出现一个主语且后句仍为同一主语时，后句主语一般省掉。如：1).He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。2).We live and learn.活到老，学到老。,19,3).Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in new Campus.新校区处处可以看到新人、新事物。4).If you give him
18、an inch,he will take a mile.得寸进尺。5).I have received your letter and read it with delight.我收到了你的信，愉快地读了。6)有条件要上；没有条件，创造条件也要上。When conditions exist,go ahead;when they dont,create them and go ahead.,例2、3英语句子的主语都是泛指的，在译成汉语时，多省掉。又如:“You can never tell.”译为：“很难说”。,20,解说：例4、5、6汉译时常把英语中作宾语的代词省掉。尤其是例4，省略了做主语的
19、代词，宾语的代词，连句中的连词“if”也省略了，但思想内容却丝毫未变，可谓形神皆备。而下面的例子（7、8）却恰当地省略了物主代词。,7).I wash my face in the morning.我早上洗脸。8).He shrugged his shoulders,shook his head,cast up his eyes,but said nothing.他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，一句话不说。,思考：it 的两种特殊用法非人称用和强调用。汉译时往往省略或不译,21,2.省略连词 我们在讨论增译法时，提到“汉语语言精炼，并列连词较少使用，其上下逻辑关系常常是暗含的，由词语顺序来表示。但
20、译为英语时，需要增补。证实了英语是形合语言，汉语是意合语言的命题。”相反，把英语译成汉语时，很多情况则需省略连词。如：1).He looked gloomy and troubled.（表并列）他看上去有些忧愁不安。2).As the temperature increase,the volume of water becomes greater.（表原因）温度升高，水的体积就增大。,22,3).We knew winter vocation was coming as(because)we had seen the big stone in the River.（表原因）（我们）看见了河里大
21、石头，就知道寒假要来了。4).If winter comes,can spring be far behind?（表条件）冬天来了，春天还会远吗？5).When it is dark in the east,it is light in the west;when things are dark in the south there is still light in the north.（表时间）东方不亮西方亮，黑了南方有北方。,23,3.省略前置词（介词）一般说来，表示时间和地点的英语前置词，译成汉语如出现在句首，大都可以省略，出现在句尾时大都不省。如：1).The Peoples Rep
22、ublic of China was founded in 1949.一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。比较：中华人民共和国成立于一九四九年。,24,2).In July,1956,Egypt had seized the Suez Canal.一九五六年七月，埃及占领了苏伊士运河。比较：埃及占领苏伊士运河是在一九五六年。3).And on July 1st,1999,I graduated from university.一九九九年七月一日，我大学毕业了。4).Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共场所不准吸烟。,25,4.省略冠词 英语有冠词，汉语没
23、有冠词；因此，英译汉时往往要将冠词省略。相反，汉译英时，多要增加冠词，也就是增译法中的增加冠词。如：1).A book is useful.（是）有用（的）。2).The earth goes around the sun.地球绕太阳转。（省略表示独一无二的事物的定冠词 the）又如：The moon was slowly rising above the sea.）,26,3).A teacher should have patience in his work.当教员的应当有耐心。（省略表示类别的不定冠词A）4).The girl standing at the window is his
24、 girlfriend.站在窗口的（那个）女孩是他女朋友。此句中girl后有定语，汉译时定冠词The 可省也可保留。）5).Milk is sold by the pound.牛奶按磅计价。（牛奶是 论磅卖。）,27,当然，有些场合，冠词是不能省略的。比如不定冠词a 或an 表示数量“一”时，定冠词the 表示“这”或“那”时，均不能省略。6).He left without a word.他一句话不说就走了。7).The children are of an age.这些孩子都是同岁的。,28,We can not see sound waves as they travel through
25、 air.The dog is stretching itself.It was a cold,dark day,the sky overcast.I can do it,and so can you.Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.Where there is a will,there is a way.A wise man will not marry a woman who has attainment but no virtue.他们开始研究敌情，分析敌情。礼拜天我们不上学。孩子就是孩子。,29,声波通过空气传播，是看不见的。（省人称
26、代词）这条狗在伸懒腰。(省反身代词）寒冷阴沉的一天，乌云密布。（省略非人称代词it)我能做，你也能做。（省略并列连词）仓库重地，严禁吸烟。（省略介词）有志者事竟成。（省从属连词）聪明的人是不会娶有才无德的女子为妻的。（省关系代词）They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemies.（增加并列连词）On Sundays we have no school.（增加介词）A boy is always a boy.(增加冠词）,30,2.5 转换法（Conversion）教学内容转译为动词 转译为名词转译为形容词转译为副词,31,
27、In terms of conversion we mean that in translation a word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessary to be turned into one of the same part of speech in another language.As a matter of fact,conversion in the English language is very common.Lets take the word“round”for exa
28、mple:This is the first round.There is a round table in the room.Round the corner slowly.He walked round the table.,32,So,conversion is one of the important techniques and is needed primarily by the differences in syntactic structure and idiomatical way in the two languages.Conversion occurs on many
29、occasions.But the most commonly seen are as follow:,1.转译成动词 英语和汉语相比较，汉语中动词用得比较多，这是一个特点。往往在英语句子中只用一个谓语动词，而在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。如：He admires the Presidents stated decision to fight for the job.(他对总统声明为保持其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。)仅这一个句子，就可领悟到英汉互译中词类转译的必要性。,33,A.由动词的派生词名词（或含有动作意义的名词）转译为动词,2.His very appearance at an
30、y affair proclaims it a triumph.,无论什么事情，只要他一露面，就算是成功了。,3.An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of translation.,读一点世界史，对学习翻译是有帮助的。,4.A view of Mt.E-mei can be obtained from here.,从这儿可以看到峨嵋山。,34,5.He is no smoker,but his father is a chain-smoker.,6.He was a regular visitor.,他倒是不抽烟，但
31、他的爸爸却一支接一支地抽（是个老烟枪）。,他经常来。,B.英语中加后缀-er,-or 的名词，在句中并不表身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意义。,7.What kind of sailor are you?(a bad sailor or a good sailor?),你晕不晕船？,35,8.“Coming!”Away she skimmed over the lawn,up the path,up the steps,across the veranda,and into the porch.,“来啊!”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了,越过草地,跑上小径,跨上台阶,穿过凉台,进了门廊。,C.前置词转换
32、为动词,那天她在日出前就起来了.,琼斯把窗子打开,让新鲜空气进来.,10.That day she was up before sunrise.,9.Jones opened the windows to let fresh air in.,36,2.转译成名词A.Verbs-Nouns 英语中有许多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语的名词。如：1.She behaves as if she were a child.她的举止跟一个孩子一样。2.A well-dressed man,who looked and talked like
33、an American,got into the car.一个衣着讲究的人上了车，他的言谈举止酷似美国人。,37,B.Adjectives-Nouns 一种情况，英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示一类的人，汉译时常译成名词（例1、2、3）。另外，有些英语中的形容词根据情况，也可译成名词。如例4：1.They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。2.Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.罗宾汉
34、和他的同伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。,38,3.Stevenson was eloquent and elegantbut soft.史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。4.This problem is no less important than that one.这个问题的重要性不亚于那个问题。5.Glass is more transparent than plastic cloth.玻璃的透明度比塑料布要好。,no less than“同 一样”，“不亚于”,39,C.AdverbsNouns 1.It is editorially said that社论说2.He is stron
35、g physically,but weak mentally.他体力很强，可智力很弱。3.The new type of machine is shown schematically in Figure 1.图一所示是这种新型机器的简图。,40,3.转译成形容词A.NounsAdjectives I can note the grace of her gesture.我可以看到她优雅的举止。2.We have seen the beauty of Mt.Tai.我们看到了美丽的泰山。3.Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study
36、.独立思考是学习所绝对必要的。,41,B.AdverbsAdjectives4.The English language has changed subtly and pervasively.英语的变化很敏感，很普遍。5.She looked at me expectantly.她用期待的眼光看着我。6.Hopefully,it will be done early next month.下月初完成这项工作是大有希望的。,42,7.他慢条斯理地点了一两下头说：“是的。”“Yes,”he said with a slow nod or two.8.他们热忱地欢迎他。They give him a
37、 hearty welcome.9.他会立即答复。He will give an immediate reply.,汉译英中副词转为形容词，常常是与动词转译为名词关联着的。动词转译为名词，这原文中修饰动词的副词也自然地要转译为形容词，以修饰名词。例如第7、8、9、等。,43,4.转译成副词A.NounsAdverbs1.The man nodded with satisfaction.那人满意地点了点头。2.He had the honor to attend the congress.他荣幸地出席了代表大会。,44,B.AdjectivesAdverbs3.He had a careful
38、study of the map before he started off.他在出发前仔细地看了看地图。4.Can you give an accurate translation of the sentence?你能准确地把这句话译出来吗？很简单，由于英语中带有动作意味的名词汉译为动词，因而原文修饰名词的形容词也业相应地汉译为副词，以便修饰动词。,45,He is physically weak but mentally sound.（adv.n.）They have not done so well ideologically,however,as organizationally.(a
39、dv.n.)I have the honour to inform you that(n.adv.)He had the kindness to show me the way.(n.adv.)I recognized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries(中间人).(n.adj.)他们怀疑这是否是真的。(vadj.)我打开窗子，让新鲜空气进来。(v.adv.)你拨错了电话号码。(adv.adj.)Version,46,3.6 Repetition(重译法),Strictly speaking,repetition
40、is under amplification,namely supplying some necessary words in target language.But this amplification is different from what we discussed in Chapter IV.Here we mean to repeat the same words or phrases which are given previously in the version.Repetition is employed for the sake of clearness,for the
41、 sake of emphasis,and for the sake of vividness.,47,1.重复名词 大家都知道，英语句中若两个动词共用一个宾语，宾语只在第二个动词之后出现一次。而在汉语中，这样的宾语要在每个动词后出现，定语后的名词也如此。重复动词后的宾语名词，如：,1).We have to analyze and solve problems.我们要分析问题，解决问题。,2).Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations.,我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。,48,重复英语中作表语的名词1).John is your fr
42、iend as much as he is mine.,2).This has been our position but not theirs.,3).He became an enterpriserall by himself.,约翰既是你的朋友，又是我的朋友。,这一直是我们的立场而不是他们的立场。,他成为一个企业家一个白手起家的企业家。,49,重复英语中省略的名词，起到强调和明确的作用，更符合译语习惯,1).I have fulfilled my assigned work ahead of schedule,so has he.,2).Ignorance is the mother o
43、f fear as well as of admiration.,3).Before liberation many people could not read or write.,我已经提前完成了交给我的工作，他也提前完成了交给他的工作。,无知是恐惧的根源，也是敬佩的根源。,解放前，许多人不会读书，也不会写字。,50,约翰的故事是一篇充满呻吟和泪水的故事，是资本家摧残不幸的人们的故事。,4).But we still have defects,and very big ones.,5).The story of John is a story of groans and tears,of p
44、oor human beings destroyed by the capitalist.,6).A large family has its difficulties.,但是我们还是有缺点的，而且还有很大的缺点。,大（家庭）有大（家庭）的难处。,51,2、重复动词 英语句子常用一个动词连接几个宾语或表语，在译文中多要重复该动词。,3).What are they after?They are after name,after position,and they want to cut smart figures.,1).Is he a friend or an enemy?,他是个朋友呢，还
45、是个仇人？,2).For a good ten minutes,he cursed me and my brother.,足足有十分钟之久，他既骂我，又骂我的兄弟。,多数情况下，因为原语重复，译语为了生动或各自的惯用法，以不同的方式进行重复。这种重复多为传达原文的生动性。,这种人闹什么东西呢？闹名誉，闹地位，闹出风头。,52,4).He no longer dreamed of storms,nor of great occurrences,nor of great fish,nor of fights.,他不再梦见风暴，不再梦见惊人的遭遇，也不再梦见大鱼和搏斗。,5).But his wif
46、e kept dinning in his ears about his idleness,his carelessness,and the ruin he was bringing on his family.可是他老婆不断地在他耳朵边唠叨个没完，说身上。他懒惰，说他粗心，并且说他一家人都要毁在他的身上。,注意，联系例3)、4）、5），英语句子中动词后有前置词时，在第二第三次往往只用前置词而省略动词，在汉语译文中则要重复动词。有时连前置词都省略了，但在译文中通常仍重复动词。如例6）：,53,3.重复代词 A.英语中用代词的地方，翻译时往往可按汉语习惯的重复其所代替的名词。,1).Jesse
47、opened his eyes.They were filled with tears.,2).He hated failure;he had conquered it in his own life,risen above it,despised it in others.,杰西睁开眼，眼里充满了泪水。,他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。,54,B.有时代词代替句中作主语的名词（多数情况下该名词前均有修饰语），翻译时多不用代词而重复其作主语的名词，以达到明确具体的目的。如 例4)、5)、6),4).Happy family also had their own t
48、roubles.,5).Big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their own lines.,6).Each country has its own customs.,幸福家庭也有幸福家庭的苦恼。,强国有强国的策略，小国有小国的路线。,各国都有各国的风俗。,55,C.再者,英语中强势关系代词或关系副词whoever,whenever,wherever 等等,翻译时亦多用重复法处理,如：,7).Whoever violates the disciplines should be criticized.,
49、8).Come to my office and have a talk with me whenever you are free.,谁犯了纪律，谁就该受到批评。,你什么时候有空，就什么时候到我办公室来谈一谈。,56,D.英语用someand others（some,others）连用的句子译成汉语时主语往往是谓语重复形式的“的”字结构，有时也可以用“有的，有的”句式。,9).Some have entered college and others have gone to the countryside.,10).Some played soccer and others played b
50、asketball.,上大学的，上大学了，下乡的，下乡了。或：有的上大学了，有的下乡了。,57,4、重复形容词,英语中有一个形容词修饰若干个名词或与若干个借此短语搭配的现象，译成汉语时应该将形容词重复译出。,1).We want such materials as can bear high temperature and pressure.,2).Everybody appreciates polite words and manners.,译：我们需要能耐高温、高压的材料。,译：每个人都会赞赏礼貌的言辞和礼貌的举止。,3).They are loyal to the motherland
