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1、Chapter 3,Diction,In order to make an accurate and smooth translation,a translator should consider how to find a word or words by which the original idea may be most aptly expressed.Diction,the choice of words and phrases to express meaning,is therefore one of the basic techniques.The meaning of a w
2、ord is its use in the language,not only its definitions in the dictionary.A dictionary does not require a particular sense of a word but records the uses that have been found for it.Now and then a word is in the process of acquiring a new sense.The dictionary definition is for the most part a record
3、 of the denotation of a word and often cannot give its connotation.Words do not have meanings;people have meanings for words.Each word when used in a new context is a new word.Beginners often rigidly adhere to the verbal consistency of words in two languages,while neglecting their contextual consist
4、ency.Care should therefore be taken in translating to determine from the context the exact shade of meaning of a word and the choice of an appropriate one to express the meaning in the target version.,3.1 Choice of Affective Meanings,Affective meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings a
5、nd attitudes of the writer towards the reader.You may address somebody as an“idiot”to convey your despise,or describe something as“marvelous”to express your positive evaluation.There are basically three types of affective meanings:positive,neutral,and derogatory.,Some words when used in different co
6、ntexts may have different affective meanings.In translating,it is significant to determine the implications of these words according to the context.,Still more important to translation is the fact that the affective meanings of some words are culture-bound.That is,because of the differences between
7、the two cultures,a word is commendatory in English,but its equivalent in Chinese is derogatory,or vice versa,hence the necessity to make certain changes in translation.1.individualism:feeling or behaviour of a person who likes to do things his/her own way,regardless of what other people do;theory th
8、at favours free action and complete liberty of belief for each individual person;the idea that the rights and freedom of the individual are the most important rights in a society.个人主义：一切从个人出发，把个人利益放在集体利益之上，只顾自己，不顾别人的错误思想。个人主义是生产资料私有制的产物，是资产阶级世界观的核心。它的表现形式是多方面的，如个人英雄主义、自由主义、本位主义等。Therefore,individual
9、ism(中性词)个人主义（贬义词）个体主义,2.liberalism:liberal opinions or principles,esp.with regard to social and political matters;liberal:willing to understand and respect the ideas and feelings of others;supporting or allowing some change,e.g.in political or religious affairs;encouraging or leading to a wide gener
10、al knowledge,wide possibilities for self-expression,and respect for other peoples opinions;giving freely and generously;given freely;large;neither close nor very exact.自由主义：19世纪和20世纪初期的一种资产阶级政治思想。自由主义者代表资产阶级的利益，反对政治的、社会的和宗教的束缚，在历史上曾经起过进步的作用。但在资产阶取得政权后，自由主义就成了掩饰资产阶级统治的幌子。革命队伍中的一种错误的思想作风，主要表现是缺乏原则性，无组
11、织，无纪律，强调个人利益等。Therefore,liberalism(中性词)自由主义（贬义词）,3.pragmatism:pragmatic ways of considering and dealing with things;pragmatic:dealing with matters in the way that seems best under the actual conditions,rather than following a general principle;concerned with practical results.实用主义：现代资产阶级哲学的一个派别，创始于美
12、国。它的主要内容是否认世界的物质性和真理的客观性，把客观存在和主观经验等同起来，认为有用的就是真理，思维只是应付环境解决疑难的工具。Therefore,pragmatism(褒义词)实用主义（贬义词）,Meaning means intention.Words,phrases,or sentences often convey authors feelings or attitudes towards certain ideas or viewpoints.In translation,we have to choose the most proper and suitable words f
13、rom our own“thesaurus”to express authors original intentions according to the context.Be careful to convey the intention of the author,not that of the translator.Examples:1.Aggressive nations threaten world peace.侵略成性的国家威胁世界和平。A salesman must be aggressive if he wants to succeed.推销员如要成功，必须有闯劲。2.He i
14、ncited the soldiers to fight bravely.他激励士兵勇敢作战。He was charged with inciting people to violence.他被控煽动人们暴动。3.Every dog has his day.人人皆有得意之时。4.“You chicken!”he cried,looking at Tom with contempt.“你这胆小鬼！”她轻蔑地看着汤姆嚷道。,Drills 3.1,(1)Compare and translated the following words with the help of dictionaries:c
15、rowd;mob deep dealings;a deep scholarpraise;boast childlike;childishsteadfast;obstinate statesman;politician(2)Compare the meanings and implications of the English and Chinese words:peasant,农民 dragon,龙propaganda,宣传 goat,山羊compromise,妥协 west wind,西风,peasant:（贬）a person without education or good manne
16、rs;a person with rough unrefined manners,无教养的人，粗野的人，乡下人，土包子，大老粗；（尤其用于指发展中国家或从前的）农民，农夫，小浓，雇农。农民:（无贬义）在农村从事农业生产的劳动者。dragon:an imaginary animal with wings and claws,able to breathe out fire;（比喻贬）a fierce person,esp.a woman.（英美民族所想象的）“龙”，从词典所画的图像看，与中国龙(Chinese dragon)不一样；比喻凶恶的人，尤指悍妇龙：中国古代传说中的神异动物，身体长，有鳞
17、，有角，有脚，能走，能飞，能游泳，能兴云降雨；封建时代用龙作为帝王的象征，也把龙字用在帝王使用的东西上；比喻有褒义，如：“望子成龙”，“龙马精神”，“龙腾虎跃”等,propaganda:（通常贬）information that is spread in a planned or official way,esp.by a government,in order to influence public opinion.（尤指政府为了影响民意的）宣传宣传：（无贬义）对群众说明讲解，使群众相信并跟着行动。goat:（比喻贬）a man who is very active sexually 色鬼，
18、色狼，淫荡的人，好色之徒山羊：无贬褒义,compromise:（中性，无消极义）settling an argument or difference of opinion by each side agreeing to some of the demands of the other.通过互让解决争执或分歧，互让了结，妥协，折中，和解妥协：（有时有消极义）用让步的方法避免冲突或争执，如：“妥协投降”，“原则问题上不能妥协”等。west wind:英国人对西风有好感，如英国著名诗人雪莱的名诗西风颂 西风：（比喻贬）日趋没落的腐朽势力，如：李白的“西风残照”,(3)Compare and tra
19、nslate the following,paying attention to the words in italics:1.The story of the hero is extremely moving.He storied about his age.That face must have a story belonging to it.The real story was made public.What a story!I dont believe a word of it.2.Hes a stubborn child who wont obey his mother.The d
20、efenders put up stubborn resistance.3.They found a mountain refuge for climbers.The political dissidents sought refuge abroad.4.He is a bookworm.5.All the constitutional powers were vested in a single being.,3.2 Choice of Grammatical Meanings,The same word,when used as different parts of speech and
21、playing different roles in a sentence,has different meanings.Examples:1.The lapped wafers are then polished to a mirror finish with graded diamond polish.把研磨好的薄片用各级金刚砂抛光剂抛光到镜面光洁度。2.Take the cart back to the back yard and back it into the shed at the back of the stable.把牛车拉回到后院，再把它倒到牛棚后面的小屋去。3.He had
22、 no stomach to follow us.他不想跟我们走。I cant stomach this job any longer.这工作我再也受不了啦。,Drills 3.2 Translate the following sentences:1.It is neither round nor square.The wheels go round rapidly.The night watchman makes his rounds every hour.The earth moves round the sun.The ship rounded the Cape of Good Hop
23、e.The talk rounded into a plan.2.I iron my clothes with an iron.3.Brush your hair with the hairbrush.4.Paper the walls with white paper.5.You must ship the cargo in a large ship.6.I lighted the lamp,but it gave a bad light.7.In a second I saw a second picture.8.I saw him saw with a saw in a sawmill.
24、9.Wishes father thoughts.10.“What do you do with so many apples?”“We eat what we can and what we cant we can.”,3.3 Choice of Contextual Meanings,The same word,when used in different contexts or fields of discourse(business,law,medicine,education,politics,forestry,etc.),has different meanings.For ins
25、tance,in some contexts“mad”means“foolish”,in some“angry”,and in others“insane”.Examples:Book1.Show me the complaint book,please.请把意见薄拿给我看看。2.Miltons Paradise Lost consists of twelve books.弥尔顿的长诗失乐园共有12卷。3.Thats all I remember,sir,on the Book.凭圣经起誓，长官，我记得的就是这些。4.He claims to have been graduated from
26、this college,but his name is not on the books.他自称是从本学院毕业的，但注册薄上没有他的名字。5.He is always painstakingly at his books.他总是埋头苦读。,6.The music was fine,but the book was very poor.音乐是出色的，但是歌词很糟。7.How many names are there on your books?你们的登记名册上共有多少人？8.He went out to the village to pay tradesmens books.他到村里的买卖人那
27、儿付账去了。9.In the business college students are taught to keep books.商学院教授学生作薄记。10.Are you in the book?电话薄里有你的电话号码吗？According to Websters Collegiate Dictionary,the average number of meanings per word is 2.5.Heavy-duty words have more meanings than words rarely used,e.g.the word take has 69 meanings;run
28、,54;light,47;make,41.The word carrier can be rendered into 搬运人，货运公司，托架（机械），载波（通讯技术），带菌者（医学），航空母舰（军事），载流子（半导体），etc.,Drills 3.3 Translate the following sentences:Power1.I will do everything within my power to assist you.2.The new kinescope has a resolving power of 800 lines.3.Basically,all power is wi
29、th the people.4.Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.5.China has a few nuclear weapons,but it will never join the so-called club of nuclear powers.6.The surface of ceramics must be checked by examination under a 20-power binocular microscope.7.The transistor can go from an off condition
30、to an on condition with great speed and minimal power.8.The power subsystem of the communication facility must provide a flow of current under controlled conditions of voltage and load.,3.4 Choice of Collocative Meanings,Some words have the same basic meanings,but differ in collocation.That is,they
31、have different collocative meanings.For example,“sense”and“meaning”are synonymous,but“John is a man of sense”is acceptable while“John is a man of meaning”is unacceptable.One problem with collocation in translation is that,very often what is good collocation in English may not be so when translated i
32、nto Chinese,or vice versa.For instance,“pretty”and“handsome”are rendered into“漂亮的”and“英俊的”respectively.It is perfectly all right to say“a handsome car”,but“英俊的车子”would be totally unacceptable to the Chinese reader.Thus in English-Chinese translation,a translator must ensure that the version is idiom
33、atic or collocatively acceptable in Chinese.Every language has its own usage and collocations.In many cases,literal translation of the usage or collocation of a language renders the translated version ridiculous if not unintelligible.A translator should know that proper words in proper places make t
34、he true definition of a style.,Examples:1.Build(v.)build a house 盖房子 build a bridge 架桥build a ship 造船 build a dam 筑坝build a fire 生火 build a stamp collection 集邮build a car 制造汽车 build an answer 思索答案build ones confidence 树立信心build the drama of a story 构思故事的戏剧性情节build scholars of tomorrow 培养未来的学者Reading
35、 builds the mind.阅读能发展智力。2.Subjection of natures forces to man,machinery,application of chemistry to industry and agriculture,steam-navigation,railways,electric telegraphs,clearing of whole continents for cultivation,canalization of rivers,whole populations conjured out of the ground what earlier ce
36、ntury had even a presentiment that such productive forces slumbered in the lap of social labour?自然力的征服，机器的采用，化学在工业和农业中的应用，轮船的行驶，铁路的通行，电报的使用，整个整个大陆的开垦，河川的通航，仿佛用法术从地下呼唤出来的大量人口过去哪一个世纪能够料想到有这样的生产力潜伏在社会劳动力呢？,Drills 3.4 Translate the following,paying attention to the collocations:1.Heavy(adj.)a heavy rain
37、 a heavy seaa heavy load a heavy buyera heavy crop a heavy demandheavy news heavy sorrowa heavy vote a heavy thinkera heavy schedule a heavy politicianheavy advertising a heavy playheavy casualties This book is heavy reading.2.Good(adj.)good manners good soila good king good humora good Catholic goo
38、d livinggood eggs a good questiona good debt good sensea good hour a good eater and a good sleeper,3.In order to get a large amount of waterpower we need a large pressure and a large current.4.Briefly,a long thin wire has a high resistance;a short thick wire has a low resistance.5.This country was r
39、ecovering its true self,drawing lessons both from its own mistakes and from its enemies.6.On display was merchandise attractive in price and quality.7.They captured fifty enemy soldiers and many weapons.,3.5 Choice of Stylistic Meanings,Some words convey the same idea but differ in stylistic feature
40、s.These words are known as stylistic synonyms.For example,horse,charger,steed,nay and plug form a synonymic group,within which horse can be labeled as neutral,charger and steed as formal,nay and plug as informal.In some dictionaries,these stylistic features are clearly marked as“formal”,“informal”,“
41、literary”,“slang”and so on.Words that occur in different settings are stylistically marked.Those used for some serious purpose,for example,in official reports,business letters and regulations are labeled as formal whereas those used in private conversation or personal letters are labeled as informal
42、.Translators have to choose among formal words,neutral words,and informal words to ensure that the style is appropriate to the original context.They must also determine whether to use standard dialects or regional dialects,archaic words or contemporary words,general words or technical terms,etc.Lite
43、rary translators must also try to reflect the idiolect of the source language writer.,Table 1 Examples of Chinese stylistic synonyms,Table 2 Examples of English stylistic synonyms with their translations,Table 3 Examples of English words with their Chinese stylistic synonyms,Read the following passa
44、ge with the formal words in the brackets:An important law(principle)was first discovered by Archimedes,a scientist who died over 2000 years ago.He watched and noticed(observed)that the water in his bath overflowed when he got in,and this made him think about(led him to consider)water being pushed as
45、ide(displacement of water)by solid bodies.A good translator should represent not only the original thought but also the original style as well in the target language.That is called“意似，形似，神似”.To illustrate this point,here are given some examples taken from Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw and translated by
46、杨宪益：茶花女,1.Im getting chilled to the bone.What can Freddy be doing all this time?Hes been gone twenty minutes.冷死我了。佛莱第这半天是干什么去了？他去了二十分钟了。2.Well,it aint my fault,missus.这怪不着咱呀，太太。3.That sounds more like it,Judy.这还差不离，姑娘。4.No,nothing more for you to worry about.是的，现在没有让你伤脑筋的事了。5.Nah then,Freddy:Look wh
47、y gowin,deah.(=Now then,Freedy:Look where youre going,dear.)这是怎么的，弗莱第，你走路不长眼睛哪？6.You ought to be stuffed with nails,you ought.Take the whole blooming basket for sixpence.你真该千刀万剐！你出六便士把咱这整篮子花都拿去好不？,7.It was artful of you,colonel;but I bear no malice:I should have done the same myself.Ive been the vic
48、tim of one woman after another all my life;and I dont grudge you two getting the better of Eliza.上校，你们真鬼，可是咱不怪你；要是咱，咱也这么办。咱一辈子总是吃娘儿们的亏；咱也不怪你们两位占了伊丽莎的便宜。8.The door is opened violently;and Higgins enters with his hat on.房门猛烈被推开，息金斯不脱帽子就闯进来了。9.Im a respectable girl:so help me,I never spoke to him excep
49、t to ask him to buy a flower off me.咱可是正经人家的女孩子。老天爷，咱也没说别的，就是请他买一枝花。10.Youre an ungrateful wicked girl.你真是个不识好歹的坏丫头。11.If you refuse this offer you will be a most ungrateful wicked girl.你要是不接受，你就是最没有良心、最坏的姑娘。,Comparison of Translated Sentences1.Whoever tries to twist you up,may the end of his nose t
50、ake a twist.谁要是想捉弄你，谁的鼻子尖就会弄歪。谁要是捉弄你，就叫谁的鼻子尖儿歪了。谁骗你，谁就不得好死。2.Ignore it as you ignore the cold of last winter.你别去理他，就像别离上一个冬天有多冷一样。别理睬它，就像你不理睬去年冬天的寒冷那样。管他们干什么？他们的话，当作耳边风好了。3.They confused me so that I didnt know the big end from the small.我连粗细大小都分不清了。他们使我真假不分。他们把我搞得不知东西南北了。,Examples and for ability,i
