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1、小 学 英 语 语 法,一、名词（可数名词和不可数名词）二、代词三、冠词四、动词五、介词六、形容词和副词,七、there be结构八、时态：1.一般现在时2.一般过去时3.现在进行时4.一般将来时九、“wh”的特殊疑问句,一、名词,名词（表示人和事物名称的词）,专有名词,普通名词,特定的人、地方、机构等专有的名称。第一个字母通常要大写。e.g.Jim Green，New York，Bank of China，Peking University星期、月份、节日、学科、报刊名也是专有名词。,个体名词 表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：student,desk集体名词 表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：cl
2、ass,family 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质名称，如：water,rice,sand，hair抽象名词 表示情感，状态，品质等抽象名称，如：love，carelessness,个体名词和集体名词多数可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，有单、复数形式；物质名词和抽象名词通常无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词，一般只有一种形式。,英语语法中，只有可数名词才有复数形式。名词有两种数的形式：1）单数（表示一个人或事物）；2）复数（表示多于一个的人或数）。,名词的数：,名词复数形式的构成,不规则名词的复数,由元音字母的变化构成：man-men,tooth-teeth,foot-feet,mouse-m
3、ice,woman-women2.有些名词的复数形式与单数的形式一样：sheep,deer,fish(但也可以是fishes)有些名词变成复数时加-en:child-children,ox-oxen,Practise,peach_ 2.zoo _3.glass _4.fox _5.lady _6.policewoman _7.house _8.photo _9.monkey _10.wife _11.rose _12.path _13.judge _14.map _,peaches,zoos,glasses,foxes,ladies,policewomen,houses,photos,monk
4、eys,wives,roses,paths,judges,maps,二、人称代词和物主代词 主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性 I me my mine you you your yours he him his his she her her hers it it its its we us our ours they them their theirs,Practise,_(他)is my brother.2.I had a letter from _(她).3.Its all right;its only _(我).4.Today _(我们)went in _(我们的)car;tomorrow
5、 _(我们)are going in _(他们的).5._(我)lend _(我的)books gladly to _(我的)friends and to _(你的).6.Can you help _(我)with _(我的)English.7.When _(你)go to see _(你的)father,please take these books to _(他).8._(他们)found _(它)difficult to learn German.,He,her,me,we,our,we,theirs,I,my,my,yours,me,my,you,your,him,They,it,所有
6、格,所有格的形式单数人称名词末尾加 schild-childs以-s结尾的单数人称名词末尾加swaitress-waitresss不规则的复数人称名词末尾加schildren-childrens以-s结尾的复数人称名词末尾加girls-girls以-s结尾的一些人名末尾加sJames-Jamess,下列情况一般用“of”结构：东西(没有现成的复合名词时):the book of the film2.东西的一部分:the bottom of the box3.抽象的概念:the price of success4.当of短语中的名词被另一个短语或从句修饰时：Cant you look at th
7、e book of the boy behind you?,双重,s结构也可以用于“of”结构之后，如：a friend of my fathers,出现这种情况是因为在一个名词前通常只用一个限定词，又如：this son of mine,a friend of yours,a cousin of hers等等。Isnt Frank a friend of yours?That silly uncle of Toms has told me the same Joke five times.,冠词,不定冠词a,an,定冠词the,只能用于单数可数名词之前,单数可数名词复数可数名词不可数名词,零
8、冠词,名词前可不用冠词,小试牛刀,一、在下列单词前加上适当的不定冠词a/an。1._ elephant 2._ old man 3._ nurse 4._ hour5._ egg 6._ orange 7._ pen 8._baby9._ doctor 10._ big gateKeys:1.an;2.an;3.a;4.an;5.an;6.an;7.a;8.a;9.a;10.a;,小试牛刀,三、根据句意，填入适当的冠词。（20分)1.Do you like playing _ volleyball here?Yes.Look!I have _ volleyball.2.Can you see
9、_ eraser on _ desk?Yes,whose is it?3.Lucy and Lily are _ sisters.And theyre _twins.4.I can see _“u”,_“R”and _“8”on the wall.,/,/,the,an,a,/,an,a,an,小试牛刀,1.My father is _ kind man,so he has many friends.A.a B.an C.the2.There is _“a”in the word“apple”.A./B.a C.an3.The Changjiang River is _longest in C
10、hina.A./B.an C.the4.Whats wrong with you,_ Mum?A.the B./C.a 5.She goes to _ school every day._ school is near her home.A.an;The B.a;A C./;The,A,c,C,B,C,四、动词,动词主要表示动作，其次表示状态或性质，有时态、语态、语气等形式的变化。,小学阶段所涉及的动词主要有：实义动词、be动词、情态动词can,must等。,Be动词,am,is,are,was,were,Practise,1.He _ very good at English.2.My fa
11、ther and I _ going to Beijing next month.3._ you on duty the day before yesterday?4.Mr.King _ in London two weeks ago.5.There _ many kinds of animals in the zoo.6.What _ the date yesterday?7.Look!A little girl _ flying a kite.8.Who _ not at school last Monday?9.I _ not a nurse.I work as a doctor.,is
12、,are,Were,was,are,was,is,was,am,五、动词的时态,动词时态是表示动作或状态发生或存在的时间和表示方式的一种动词形式。,小学阶段所学的时态有：一般现在时：work/works2.现在进行时：am/is/are working3.一般过去时：worked4.一般将来时：am/is/are going to work will work,一、写出下列动词的第三人称单数 drink _ go _ stay _ make _look _ have_ pass_ carry _二、用括号内动词的适当形式填空。1.He often _(have)dinner at home.2
13、.Daniel and Tommy _(be)in Class One.3.We _(not watch)TV on Monday.4.Nick _(not go)to the zoo on Sunday.5._ they _(like)the World Cup?6._ your parents _(read)newspapers every day?7.The girl _(teach)us English on Sundays.8.She and I _(take)a walk together every evening.,现在进行时专项练习：一、写出下列动词的现在分词：run_ sw
14、im _make_ begin_go_ like_write_ shop _have _sing_dance _put_ see_ love_ live_ take_ come _get _stop_ sit _ 二、用所给的动词的正确形式填空：1.The boy _(draw)a picture now.2.Listen.Some girls _(sing)in the classroom.3.My mother _(cook)some nice foodnow.4.What _ you _(do)now?5.Look.They _(have)an English lesson.,动词过去式
15、变化规则：1一般在动词末尾加-ed，如：work-worked,2结尾是e加d，如：live-lived 3末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-如：stop-stopped4以“辅音字母 y”结尾的，变y为i，再加-ed，如：study-studied,一、用动词的适当形式填空1.It _(be)Bens birthday last Friday.2.We all _(have)a good time last night.3.He _(jump)high on last Sports Day.4.Helen _(milk)a cow on last F
16、riday.5.She likes _ newspapers,but she _a book yesterday.(read)6._ they _(sweep)the floor on Sunday?No,they _.7.I _(watch)a cartoon on Monday.,Peter _(play)basketball twice a week.2.Do you believe what he _(say)just now?3.Look!The lazy cat _(sleep)in the sofa.4.There _(be)a book and two pens on the
17、desk.5._you _(see)a film tomorrow morning?6.She _(not play)the guitar at the moment.7.What _his father usually _(do)in the evening?8.They _(have)a meeting next week,arent they?9.Both he and I _(be)teachers.10.I _(not feel)very well yesterday.11.He put on his coat and _(go)out.12.Lei Feng often _(hel
18、p)others and he was helpful.Next Sunday,we _(clean)up the park.14.Hurry!Your mother _(wait)for you at the school gate.,summary,plays,said,is sleeping,is,Are,going to see,isnt playing,does,do,are going to have,are,didnt feel,went,helps,are going to clean,is waiting,六、介词,介词在句子中表示名词或代词等与其他词之间的关系。不能单独作句
19、子成分，常位于名词或代词（或与之相当的其他词类、短语、从句）前面构成介词短语。介词后面的成分作介词的宾语。,方位介词,in,on,at,under,to,behind,beside,near,before,in front of,next to,between,时间介词,in,on,at,after,before,fromto,past,between,其它,of,by,with,into,out of,for,Practise,1.Look _ the picture.Its picture_ my school.2.There is a school building _ my schoo
20、l.It has five floors._ the school building,there is a big playground._school,the children always play ball games there.3.My classroom is_ the fifth floor.Its big and clean.4.Miss Li is our class teacher.She comes _ school early every morning.She comes _bicycle.Then she does morning exercises _us.She
21、 likes sports.Tomorrow is her birthday.We will make a card _ her.We love her very much.5.There are some apples _ the tree.6.Wheres your study?Its next _ my bedroom.7.The car _ the tree is Jacks.8.The ball is_ the door,so you cant see it.9._ _ _the house,there are many trees.10.Listen!Someone is knoc
22、king _the door.11.There is something wrong _ my computer.,at,of,in,Near,After,on,to,by,with,for,on,to,under,behind,In front of,at,with,八、形容词和副词,形容词是用来描写或修饰名词（或代词）的词。,副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句的词。,He is a good student.2.The film is very interesting.3.There is something wrong with the bike.4.Lucy is older
23、 than Helen.,The problem is very difficult.2.He wrote the letters carefully.,形容词和副词的比较级和最高级,一、写出下列形容词或副词的比较级 short_strong_ big_ small_fat_ thin_heavy_ light_nice_ good_ beautiful_low_high_ slow_fast_late_early_ far_ well_二、根据句意填入单词的正确形式：1.My brother is two years _(old)than me.2.Tom is as _(fat)as Ji
24、m.3.Is your sister _(young)than you?Yes,she is.4.Who is _(thin),you or Helen?Helen is.,5._Nancy sing _(well)than Helen?Yes,she _.6.Fangfang is not as _(tall)as the other girls.7.My eyes are _(big)than _(she)8.Who gets up _(early),Tim or Tom?9._the girls get up _(early)than the boys?No,they_.,Practis
25、e,1.Shanghai is _than Beijing.It is _ city in our country.(large)2.Bill isnt as _ as Mike.Tom is _ than Mike.Who is _ of the three boys?(old)3.Mary draws as _ as Bill,and she is much _ than him at singing.(well,good)4.Spring is coming.The weather is getting _ and _.(warm)5.Tom,John and I bought a co
26、mputer each last week.Johns computer is much _ than Toms and mine.It is _ of the three.(expensive)6.It is a little _ today than yesterday.(wet)7.Mrs Brown is much _ than she was two years ago.(healthy)8.Which do you like _,basketball,volleyball,or football?(well),larger,the largest,old,older,the old
27、est,well,better,warmer,warmer,more expensive,the most expensive,wetter,healthier,best,There be 的结构,肯定句：There is/was a There are/were 一般疑问句:Is/Was there?Yes,there is/was.No,there isnt/was.Are there?Yes,there are/were.No,there arent/werent.否定句：There isnt/wasnt.There arent/werent.,There be表示“存在有”,即当我们告
28、诉某人某事存在(或不存在)常用这种结构。其中there是引导词,本身无词义;be为谓语动词,后面跟的是名词,也就是主语,也就是说there be结构的运用也就是倒装的具体运用。其真正的主语在there be 之后。,There be 的结构,Some 和 any 一般情况下，some用于肯定句中，any用于否定句中。如：There is some milk in the bottle.There arent any pictures on the wall.Is there anything new in todays newspaper?,2.Be动词与后面所跟名词的就近原则：There i
29、s a pen and two pencils in the box.There are some students and a teacher in the classroom.,Practise,1There _ no tea in the cup Ais Bare Chas Dbe 2There is some _on the plate Aapple Bbread Cbanana Dsandwich 3There _ some paper and a pen on the desk Ais Bare Chave Dhas 4There is some milk in the bottl
30、e，_？Aisnt there Barent there Cisnt it Dare there 5There is _ old woman in the car A Ba Cthe Dan,A,B,A,A,D,9Theres _ orange tree behind _ house Aan；the Ba；a Cthe；the 10There is _ map in the classroom_ map is on the wall Aa；A Bthe；The Ca；The Dthe；A 11There is _“f”and _“u”in the word“four”Aan；a Ba；a Ca
31、n；an Da；an 12There _ not any water in the glass Ahas Bis Care 13There _ an apple and ten bananas in the basketYou can take any of them Aare Bis Chas Dhave 14 _ any flowers on both sides of the street？AIs there BAre there CHas DHave 15There is little water in the glass，_？Aisn t there Bisnt it Cis it
32、Dis there 16There _ some water in the bottle Aare Bis Chas Dhave 17How many _ are there in your classroom？Adesks Bdesk Cchair Ddoor,A,C,A,B,B,B,D,B,A,“Wh”的疑问句,What1)Whats this/that?2)Whats your name?3)What are you doing?4)What do you like/need?5)What did you do?6)What is his job?7)What do you usuall
33、y do at the weekends?8)What are you going to do?9)What colour is it?10)Whats the weather like?11)What time is it?Whats the time?12)What day is it?Whats the date?13)What would you like?13)What can you see?14)What subjects do you have this term?15)What lessons do you have in the morning?,“Wh”的疑问句,2.Ho
34、w 1)How are you?2)How old are you?3)How do we go to the park?4)How many apples can you see?5)How much are they?6)How about?7)How do you spend your weekends?8)How far?How long?How often?,3.Who Who is that?Whos that boy in/with?,“Wh”的疑问句,4.Whose 1)Whose is this bike?2)Whose bike is this?3)Whose bag is
35、 bigger,yours or mine?,5.Which 1)Which one?2)Which is longer,yours or mine?3)Which season do you like best?,6.Where 1)Where is the book?2)Where are you from?,7.Why Why?,Tom visits the Science Museum every year.2.The building near the factory is the Peoples hospital.3.Jack did well in maths.4.Its clo
36、udy today.5.My mother is over 40 years old.6.I usually take No.4 bus to work.7.We have a class meeting once a week.,What does Tom visit every year?,Which building is the Peoples hospital?,How did Jack do in maths?,Whats the weather like today?,How old is your mother?,Which bus do you usually take to
37、 work?,How often do you have a class meeting?,Practise,8.The coat is 388 yuan.9.Uncle Wang feels better now.10.He goes to school by bus.11.They are cleaning their classroom now.12.They are on the lake.13.Xiao Wang is looking for his teacher.14.Toms mother is a music teacher.15.I go to work at eight.,How much is the coat?,How does Uncle Wang feel now?,How does he go to school?,What are they doing now?,Where are they?,Who is Xiao Wang looking for?,What is Toms mothers job?/What does Toms mother do?,What time do you go to work?,Practise,Thank you!,
