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1、Lecture 8 Conversion词类转换法,1.让学生了解词类转换法的必要性。2.让学生掌握词类转换法的使用方法。,教学目标:,学生了解中、英词汇词类的区别。学生掌握具体的词类转换方法。,教学重点、难点:,一、翻译作业讲评二、词类转换法 三、语篇翻译练习,教学内容:,一、翻译作业讲评,1.He who gives no thought to the futhure is sure to be beset by worries at hand.2.The on-looker sees most of the game.3.No invention has received more pr
2、aise and abuse than Internet.4.In view of the seriousness of this problem,effective measures should be taken before things get worse.,1.人无远虑，必有近忧。2.旁观者清。3.没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。4.考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化前，必须采取有效的措施。,5.Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to
3、 spend much more time waiting for a bus,which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.6.There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem:the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.7.An investigation shows that female workers tend to h
4、ave a favorable attitude toward retirement.8.An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.,5.许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。6.无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。7.一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。8.人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。,9.It is indisputable tha
5、t there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to fact the dangers of starvation and exposure.10.Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of in
6、ternational tourism.,9.无可争辩，成千上万的人现在仍过着挨饿受冻的生活。10.必须采取措施限制外国游客的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。,FEAR spreads faster than disease.News on October 6th of a case of Ebola in Madrid,the first contracted outside west Africa,where the disease has killed 3,400 people since March,caused Spaniards to worry not on
7、ly about its spread but also about the competence of their health authorities.,恐惧的传播速度要比病毒快得多。10月6日马德里出现了第一位在西非之外感染埃博拉病毒的患者，埃博拉病毒自3月以来已致3400人死亡，消息一出，不仅引起西班牙人对疫情传播的担忧，还导致民众对卫生当局工作能力的怀疑。,Ebola is not easy to contract.It usually requires contact with the bodily fluids of an infected person.Doctors say
8、that Ms Romero recalled touching her face with a gloved hand after changing a nappy for one patient.They think the risks of further contagion are small,though six people,including her husband,were in isolation as The Economist went to press.Some 50 health workers who had been in contact with her are
9、 being closely monitored.The couples dog was also put down.,埃博拉并不容易被感染。只有与感染者进行体液的接触后才能传染上。医生称罗梅罗回忆起在给一位患者换尿布后她曾经用带着手套的手触摸过自己的脸。虽然他们认为二次传染的危险性是很小的，但是包括她的丈夫在内的六名相关人员在经济学人出版时都已经被隔离。曾与罗梅罗接触过的50几名医务人员也被严密监控。这对夫妇的宠物狗同样被监控起来。,二、词类转换 Conversion,By conversion,we mean the change of parts of speech in transla
10、tion.Owing to the syntactical differences between English and Chinese,it is usually impossible for a translator to keep to the original part of speech in the process of translation.As a matter of fact,a word belonging to a certain part of speech in one language sometimes has to be converted into a d
11、ifferent part of speech,so as to bring forth a readable and coherent sentence.Therefore,conversion is one of the important and commonly adopted translation techniques.,名词、介词、形容词、副词、连词转换成动词,1.Conversion into Verbs-Nouns into Verbs,A.由动词派生的名词转译成动词，在政论文体中出现比较多。（1）One after another,speakers called for t
12、he downfall of imperialism,abolition of exploitation of man by man,liberation of the oppressed of the world.发言人一个接一个表示要打倒帝国主义，要消灭人剥削人的制度，要解放世界上的被压迫人民。,（2）The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab ac
13、knowledgement of Israelis right to exist.一九六七年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上来解决中东冲突。,（3）The government called for the establishment of more technical schools.政府号召建立更多的技术学校。（4）The new situation requires the formation of a new strategy.新形势要求制定新的战略。,（5）An acquaintance of world history is helpful
14、 to the study of current affairs.读一点世界史，对学习时事是有帮助的。（6）I call for cooperation in the economic and technical sectors among the countries the world over.我 呼吁 世界各国在经济、技术方面进行 合作。,B.含有动作意味的名词（在记叙、描写文体中出现较多）往往可以转译成动词。（1）The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声
15、，令我特别神往。（2）As a week drew to a close,the enemy rout was complete.一周快结束时，敌人彻底溃退了。,（3）The abuse of drugs has become one of America s most serious social problems.滥用毒品已经成为美国最严重的社会问题之一。（4）A view of Fuji Mountain can be obtained from here.从这里可以看到富士山。,C.英语中有些加后缀-er的名词，有时在句中不指其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味。在汉语中没有恰当的对应
16、名词时，往往可以译成动词。（1）Im afraid I cant teach you swimming.I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.我未必会教你游泳，我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。,（2）Some of my classmates are good singers.我们班同学中有些人唱歌唱得很好。（3）There were various possible players for the role.可能扮演这个角色的有好几个人。,D.作为习语主体的名词往往可以转译成动词。（1）The next news bulletin
17、,shorter than usual,made no mention of the demonstration.下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到游行。（2）We dont have any idea when the boy was born.我们不知道这个男孩什么时候出生的。（3）She is too tired to have the faintest desire to dance.她太累了，一点也不想跳舞。,2.Conversion into Verbs-Prepositions into Verbs,(1)Party officials worked long hours on m
18、eagre（贫乏的）food,in cold caves,by dim lamps.(A.L.Strong)党的干部吃简陋的饮食，住寒冷的窑洞，靠微弱的灯光，长时间地工作。（2）I barreled（快速移动）straight ahead,across the harbor and out over the sea.我笔直向前高速飞行，越过港口，飞临海面。,3.Conversion into Verbs-Adjectives into Verbs,Many English adjectives after a link verb indicating ones consciousness,fe
19、elings,emotions,desires,etc.are always converted into Chinese verbs.英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在联系动词后作表语用时，往往可以转译成汉语动词。常见的这类形容词有：Confident,certain,careful,cautious,angry,sure,ignorant,afraid,doubtful,aware,concerned,glad,delighted,sorry,ashamed,thankful,anxious,grateful,able等。,（1）I am so grateful to my
20、father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood.我非常感激父亲，因为在我小时侯他总是不断地鼓励 我。（2）They are not content with their present achievements.他们不满足于他们现有的成就。（3）Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.医生说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。,（4）The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint
21、.But I had to be cautious.她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但是我必 须小心谨慎。（5）Naturally the Nazi soldiers were more concerned with saving their own lives than with taking ours.当然，纳粹士兵对救他们自己的命，比起要我们的 命，要关心得多了。,4.Conversion into Verbs-Adverbs into Verbs,(1)Mr.Nixon had said repeatedly that the American war in Indochina w
22、ould soon be over.尼克松先生屡次声言，美国在印度支那的战争即将结束。(2)She opened the window to let some fresh air in.她把窗户打开，让新鲜空气进来。,5.Conjunction into Verbs,(1)Eight and seven is fifteen.8 加 7 等于 15。(2)Winter is the fourth and last season in a year冬季是一年中第四个 也是 最后一个季节。,动词转换成名词verb-n.,1.Conversion into Nouns-Verb into Nouns
23、,A.名词派生出来的动词，为符合汉语表达习惯，可将其还原成名词来译。(1)He was blacklisted and lost his job.他被列入黑名单，失去了工作。(2)Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。,(3)To them,he personified the absolute power.在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。(4)Most U.S.spy satellites are designed to burn
24、up in the earths atmosphere after completing their missions.美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，在大气层中焚毁。,B.英语中的被动语态在翻译成汉语时，原被动句中的谓语动词可根据需要转换成汉语的名词，与“遭到”、“受到”等动词连用。(1)His image as a good student was tarnished.他作为一个好学生的形象已经遭到了玷污。(2)He was snubbed by those top-ranking officials.他受到那些高级官员们的冷落。,(3)Throw a tennis bal
25、l on the floor.The ball bounces back.In the same way,when light falls on certain things it bounces back.When this happens,the light is said to be reflected.将网球扔到地板上，球会弹回来。同样，光照到某些物体上时也会弹回来。这种情况叫做光受到反射。,2.Adjective into Nouns,A.Adjectives with the definite articles to indicate categories of people,th
26、ings,or adjectives used as predicative to indicate the nature of things may also be converted into nouns.(1)They are going to build a school for the blind and the deaf.他们将为盲人和聋人修建一所学校。(2)In the fission processes the fission fragments are very radioactive.在裂变过程中，裂变碎片具有强烈的放射性。,(3)They did their best t
27、o help the sick and the wounded.他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。(4)Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。,B.此外，根据情况还有些形容词可以译成名词。(1)Stevenson was eloquent and elegant-but soft.史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。(2)The Wilde family were religious.王尔德全家都是虔诚的教徒。(3)They were c
28、onsidered insincere.他们被人认为是伪君子。,名词、副词转换成形容词,1.Conversion into Adjectives A.Noun into adj.,有时名词在句子中充当表语，前面通常有冠词，翻译时可转换为形容词。This experiment was a great success.这个实习 很成功。Independent thinking is a necessity in study.学习中的独立思考是必须的。,有些形容词派生出的名词也可转译为形容词。(1)The puppet-show was performed with great regularity
29、.木偶戏的演出井然有序。(2)Having heard the good news，their happiness was complete.他们快乐到了极点。,B.Adv.into adj.,有些副词是由形容词派生出来的，可转译为形容词。(1)They were deeply impressed by what he did in the critical moment.他在关键时刻的行为给他们留下了深刻的印象。(2)Boys think differently from girls.男孩子的思维方式和女孩子是不同的。,名词、形容词转换成动词,A.Conversion into Adverb
30、s-Nouns into adv.,(1)John and Kate,the instant they were married,set out in great haste for Venice.刚行完婚礼，马上匆匆忙忙地动身到了威尼斯。(2)She had the kindness to show me the way.她好意地给我指路。,B.Conversion into Adverbs-Adj.into adv.,1)They regarded him as a potential adversary.他们认为他可能是一个对手。2)He whispered a hurried good
31、-bye to his host.他匆匆地向主人轻声道别。,三、语篇翻译练习,The Key of a Car,A young man was getting ready to graduate from college.For many months he had admired a beautiful sports car in a dealers showroom,and knowing his father could well afford it,he told him that was all he wanted.,从前，有位年轻人即将大学生毕业。数月来，他一直渴望得到某汽车商产品
32、陈列室中的一辆跑车。他知道，他那富有的父亲肯定买得起这辆车，于是，他便跟父亲说他很想得到那辆漂亮的跑车。,As Graduation Day approached,the young man awaited signs that his father had purchased the car.Finally,on the morning of his graduation,his father called him into his private study.His father told him how proud he was to have such a fine son,and t
33、old him how much he loved him.He handed his son a beautiful wrapped gift box.Curious,but somewhat disappointed,the young man opened the box and found a lovely,leather-bound Bible,with the young mans name embossed in gold.Angrily,he raised his voice to his father and said,“With all your money you giv
34、e me a Bible?”He then stormed out of the house,leaving the Bible.,在毕业典礼即将来临的日子里，年轻人等待着父亲买下跑车的消息。终于，在毕业典礼那天上午，父亲将他叫到自己的书房，并告诉他，有他这么出色的儿子自己感到非常自豪而且非常爱他这个儿子。接着，父亲递给儿子一个包装精美的礼品盒。年轻人感到好奇，但带着些许失望地打开礼品盒，却发现里面是一本精美的精装本圣经，上面以金子凸印着年轻人的名字。看罢，年轻人怒气冲冲地向父亲大喊道：“你有那么多钱，却只给我一本圣经?”说完，便丢下圣经，愤怒地冲出房子。,Many years passed
35、and the young man was very successful in business.He had a beautiful home and a wonderful family,but realizing his father was very old,he thought perhaps he should go to see him.He had not seen him since that graduation day.Before he could make the arrangements,he received a telegram telling him his
36、 father had passed away,and willed all of his possessions to his son.He needed to come home immediately and take care of things.,多年以后，年轻人已事业有成。他拥有一所漂亮的房子，一个温馨的家庭。但当得知父亲年事已高，他想，或许应该去看看他。自从毕业那天起他就一直不见父亲。就在起程时，他收到一封电报父亲已逝世，并已立下遗嘱将其所有财产转给儿子。他要立即回父亲家处理后事。,Then he arrived at his fathers house,sudden sadne
37、ss and regret filled his heart.He began to search through his fathers important papers and saw the still new Bible,just as he had left it years ago.With tears,he opened the Bible and began to turn the pages.As he was reading,a car key dropped from the back of the Bible.It had a tag with the dealers
38、name,the same dealer who had the sports car he had desired.On the tag was the date of his graduation,and the words“PAID IN FULL”.,在父亲的房子里，他突然内心感到一阵悲伤与懊悔。他开始仔细搜寻父亲的重要文件，突然发现了那本圣经还跟几年前一样崭新。他噙着泪水打开圣经并一页一页地阅读着。忽然，从书的背面掉出一把钥匙。钥匙上挂着一个标签，上面写着一个汽车经销商的名字正是他曾渴望的那辆跑车的经销商。标签上还有他的毕业日期及“款已付清”的字样。,How many times d
39、o we miss blessings because they are not packaged as we expected?Do not spoil what you have by desiring what you have not;but remember that what you now have was once among the things you only hoped for.,我们多少次地与祝福擦肩而过，仅仅因为他们没有按我们想象中的样子包装好?不要在渴望得到没有的东西时损坏你已经拥有的东西，但要记住一点：你现在所拥有的恰恰正是你曾经一心渴望得到的。,Sometimes we dont realize the good fortune we have or we could have because we expect“the packaging”to be different.What may appear as bad fortune may in fact be the door that is just waiting to be opened.,有时，我们并没有意识到我们已经拥有或本该拥有的好运，仅仅因为它的外表与我们想象中的有所不同。其实，表面上看起来像是坏运气的东西或许正是等待开启的幸运之门.,The end,
