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1、,Basics of overvoltages and lightning瞬态过电压和闪电的基本知识,TRABTECH暂态吸收技术,TRANSIENT暂态,ABSORPTION吸收,TECHNOLOGY技术,TT 162 D,0,5,10,15,20,25,30,35,11,1%,9,3%,8,7%,4,3%,3,6%,Statistic of damage 1994年各种灾害造成的损害统计,3,4%,2,2%,23,6%,TT 004 GB,Surge voltage/indir.strike过电压/间接雷击,Drop摔损,Burglary破门盗窃,Negligence过失，失职,Short
2、 circuit短路,Water水害,Fire火灾,Theft out of cars偷窃机动车,Other其它,Analysis of the Wrttenbergische Assurance Company保险公司的分析,33,3%,Damaging energy 摧毁能量,TT 06 GB,电动机/发电机Filter coils滤波器线圈电子管Relays继电器Capacitors电容器Diodes二极管Transistors晶体三极管计算机部件ICs集成电路Energy能量(Ws)10.,possible damage可能损坏,certain damage肯定损坏,no damage
3、无损坏,-10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-1 0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7,IEC 61000-4-1,TT 001 GB,4.Definitions定义.Electromagnetic compatibility电磁兼容性(EMC):The ability of an equipment or system to function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic enviroment withoutintroducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbance to anything in that
4、enviroment.IEV 161-01-07 设备或系统在其所处的电磁环境中能正常工作，且不对环境其它有生命或无生命物质构成不能承受的电磁骚扰。,Explanation of Terms术语的解释:,Overvoltages or surge voltages:,Overvoltage is the permanent or temporary voltagebetween conducters or between conductor and groundin systems which can damaging(electrical)equipment过电压是在系统中的导线之间或在导线
5、和地之间的常态的或暂态的电压，这种电压是能损坏(电子)仪器的。,过电压或浪涌电压,Building建筑物2,Building建筑物1,U,c,Common mode-/differential mode voltage共模/差模电压,TT 124 GB,Explanation of Terms术语的解释:,暂态过电压（TOV)：高压系统接地故障出现的过电压。持续时间 ms-s数量级。,permanent 常态过电压/过电流：工频（50HZ)或直流,Surge瞬态过电压：斜三角波 持续时间 s、ns 数量级。,Explanation of Terms术语的解释:,A device that is
6、 intended to limit transient vervoltages and divert surge currents.It contains at least one nonlinear component.一个装置，可以有目的限制瞬态过电压和转移浪涌电流。她至少使用了一个非线性零件。,Surge Protective Device 电涌保护器(SPD):,Electromagnetic compatibility电磁兼容性 EMC,TT 002 GB,EMC,SEMP ESD LEMP NEMPperiodic interfering frequencynet reactio
7、ncorona discharge,galvanicinductivcapazitivinfluences causedby electromagn.-waves-radiation,lightning current arrestersurge voltage arresterfilterpotential equalizationearthingshielding,干扰原因,耦合机制,开关电磁脉冲静电放电雷电电磁脉冲,电流，电感，电容，电波影响放射影响,抗干扰措施,雷电电流放电器过压放电器,滤波器均压等电位接地，屏蔽,Reasons for transient surge voltage瞬
8、态浪涌电压产生的原因,TT 007 GB,lightning electromagnetic pulse(LEMP)switching electromagnetic pulse(SEMP)electrostatic discharge(ESD)nuclear electromagnetic pulse(NEMP),瞬态浪涌电压产生的原因,雷电电磁脉冲(LEMP)开关电磁脉冲(SEMP)静电放电(ESD)核电磁脉冲(NEMP),TT GB,Lightning(downwards),Lightning(upwards),Lightning(between clouds),Direct light
9、ning strike into driving car,二次闪电,三次闪电,一次闪电,闪电电流,闪电电流,0-10-20-30-40806040200,0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140,0 200 400 600 8001000 1200 1400,Lightning current oscillograms of negative and positive cloud-ground lightnings正负极性云对地闪电电流波形图,50%,10%,5%,1%,30,80,100,200,kA,20,90,100,100,kA/ms,10,80,100,400,As,105
10、,106,5.106,107,A2s,frequency概率,peak value of the lightning current雷击电流峰值,maximum lightningcurrent-steepnessof rise雷击电流最大上升陡度,charge of aLightning雷击电荷量,lightning currentsquare impulse雷击电流平方脉冲,Frequency and current data of lightnings闪电的频率和电流的数据,TT 008 GB,SEMP caused by switching action开关过程导致的开关电磁脉冲,I,
11、I,I,Uo,t=0,UL,Umax,Uo,BURST 短脉冲群,T,t,switching action开关动作,TT 450 D,Cp,Cp,Cp,Cp,Cp,Electrostatic discharge静电放电,TT 011 GB,Carpet地毯(Insulator）绝缘体,Ground地,Discharge current放电电流,Electromagnetic compatibility电磁兼容性 EMC,TT 002 GB,EMC,SEMP ESD LEMP NEMPperiodic interfering frequencynet reactioncorona dischar
12、ge,galvanicinductivcapazitivinfluences causedby electromagn.-waves-radiation,lightning current arrestersurge voltage arresterfilterpotential equalizationearthingshielding,干扰原因,耦合机制,开关电磁脉冲静电放电雷电电磁脉冲,电流，电感，电容，电波影响放射影响,抗干扰措施,雷电电流放电器过压放电器,滤波器均压等电位接地，屏蔽,types of coupling偶合类型,TT 1180 GB,R,CK,u2(t),uR(t),u
13、L(t),i(t),i(t),i(t),L,er,u(t),Galvanic电流,Inductive电感,Capacitive电容,RE1,RE2,Galvanic coupling电流偶合,improvement!改良,50%/50%lightning current distribution 雷击电流分配,between the services to the structure(IEC 61312.)在公用接地装置与建筑物间,services enteringthe structure,3 kV,Step voltage跨步电压,TT 563 GB,PAS,F1,SE,Lightning
14、 Protection/Surge Protection,电感耦合,iimp,RE1,RE2,电容耦合,iimp,RE1,RE2,E,TT 566 GB,surge voltage superimpose line voltage叠加在线电压上的浪涌电压,UV,tms,1500,1000,500,0,500,1000,1500,TT GB,testpulse,waveshapes and国际标准规international standards定的测试脉冲波,TT GB,testpulse,waveshapes and international standarts,IEC 61312-1 和
15、GB 50057-2000雷电流参量,首此雷击 防雷建筑物的类别IIIIII幅值I(kA)200150100波头 T1(ms)101010半值时间T2(ms)350350350电荷QS(As)1007550单位能量W/R(MJ/W)105,62,5,90%,50%,10%,I,i,T1,T2,t,I:幅值T1:波头T2:半值时间,首次雷击参量,TT GB,冲击电流测试脉冲,100,200,300,400,8,20,10,350,7,5,FLT 60-40010/350 ms(IEC 61024-1&GB50057-2000),VALVETRAB MS/ME8/20 ms(IEC 60-1),F
16、LT 25-40010/350 ms(IEC 61024-1&GB50057-2000),60,15,25,50,30,100,200,300,400,8,20,10,350,40,20,10/350 ms,8/20 ms,10/350 ms 和 8/20 ms 电流波型比较,Q(10/350)=20*Q(8/20)E(10/350)=200*E(8/20),雷击电流的函数,U=Ldi/dtQ=t2 i L di/dt t1W=t2 i2 L di/dt t1,TT 199 CN,Electromagnetic compatibility电磁兼容性 EMC,TT 002 GB,EMC,SEMP
17、 ESD LEMP NEMPperiodic interfering frequencynet reactioncorona discharge,galvanicinductivcapazitivinfluences causedby electromagn.-waves-radiation,lightning current arrestersurge voltage arresterfilterpotential equalizationearthingshielding,干扰原因,耦合机制,开关电磁脉冲静电放电雷电电磁脉冲,电流，电感，电容，电波影响放射影响,抗干扰措施,雷电电流放电器过
18、压放电器,滤波器均压等电位接地，屏蔽,Outdoor Lightning Protection,building with external lightning protection system使用专用外部雷击保护系统的建筑物,TT_920eng,Server服务器,UV 5.1,UV 1,UV 2,UV 3,UV 5,UV 4,HV,30 kV,400/230 V,telecommunicationSystem电子通讯系统,fire-alarmsystem火警系统burglaryalarm system入屋盗窃报警系统,UV 5.2,production machineand contro
19、l专用机床,outdoor lightingequipment户外的照明设备,main distrbutionframe 主配电盘,sub distributionFrame子（分）配电盘,data networkCable数据网络线,galvanic,inductive,capacitive coupling,滚球半径(单根避雷针为例),一类建筑物30米二类建筑物45米三类建筑物60米,机房,rx=,雷电流最小值与相关的滚球半径,Surge voltage protection devices瞬态过电压保护器,Function principle of surge voltage arres
20、ters瞬态过电压保护器的工作原理,TT 570 GB,A,B,S2,S3,S1,Arc Choppingspark gap角形放电间隙,gas-filledsurge arrester气体放电管,MOV金属氧化物压敏电阻,suppressordiode抑制二级管,TT 019 GB,Components元器件,Surge currentCapability处理浪涌能力,Components-special features,Reaction speed响应速度,放电间隙,反应时间一般为1Us通流量大点火电压与du/dt相关无漏电流有续流,6x8,8x8,5x5,3-Electrodes,sA
21、g,Components:Gasfilled surge arrestor,气体放电管的特点,反应时间一般为100ns体积小、通流量大（在通讯行业已应用了几十年）点火电压与du/dt相关无漏电流有续流,S05,S14,S20,B40,S07,S10,Varistor,Components:Varistor,Microstructure and conduction mechanism of varistors压敏电阻的显微结构和导电机制,TT 24 GB,Electrodes电极,Epoxy resin 环氧树脂,leades of tinned copper wire 镀锡铜引线,sinte
22、red zinc oxide togetherwith other metal oxide additives附加有其他金属氧化物的氧化锌烧结体,Zinc oxids氧化锌,Microvaristor微压敏电阻,intergranularBoundary晶粒间界层,Source:Siemens Matsushita Components,VAL230的 U-特性曲线,1724e,100,200,800,400,10-5,600,1000,2000,4000,10-4,10-3,10-2,10-1,100,101,102,103,104,105,(A),U(V),压敏的特点,在与气体放电管相同体
23、积下通流量小很多反应时间为25ns压敏易老化(老化是指压敏内部的二极管无件熔穿，P-N过渡在大部情况下会因为过载而引起短路，压敏电阻就会随着它的负载频率而开始吸收泄漏电流）电容相当高,Suppressordiode,15 kW,5 kW,1,5 kW,0,6 kW,Components:Suppressodiode,Current(A),UR,UB,UC,Voltage(V),UC,UB,UR,TT 026 D,Shape:Suppressordioden,抑制式二级管,反应快电压抑制好，一般为额定电压的1.8倍通流量小、电容量大具有自感，额定电压越小，自感就越高，与连接导线的电感共同构成一个
24、低通，随着信号电路中的信号频率对数据转输产生衰减作用。,1,2,3,4,5,6,5,6,Function of the arc chopping spark gap 角形放电间隙的原理,TT 21 GB,1.Ignition at response voltage点火电压-4kV2.Arc bridges the distance between electrodes极间拉弧3.Arc is pushed outwards向外拉弧4.Arc is chopped against basic chrash plate5.Design of partial arcs6.Break down and
25、 extinguishing of partial arcs,FLT-PLUS 结构及工作原理 Principial construction and operation,1,2,3,4,6,5,6,5,7,7,8,8,A,B,C,D,E,A,B,C,D,E,绝缘物起弧电极臂电弧导引板熄弧板撞击板,1.过电压点燃电弧2.电火花连接两个电极3.电火花向外部扩散4.电火花由电极的尖端在撞击板上弥散5.电火花分散.6.移至电弧导引板7.电弧导引板将电火花传至熄弧板8.在熄弧板间产生许多单个电火花，其反向电压阻断了电网后续电流，电火花最后熄灭。,TT 661 CN,1st Electrode第一电极,
26、2nd Electrode第二电极,FLASHTRAB.Construction结构,电源第一级保护 FLT 35/3+1,快速安装的3+1组合模块预先桥接标准 35mm导轨安装3+1 雷电流避雷器带发光指示额定雷电放电电流 Iimp=50 KA(10/350)s紧凑设计:仅 70mm 宽(4TE),Trigger electronic with current ignition Function,电源第二级保护 VALVETRAB,保护插头,定位块,压敏电阻,标记位,双接线端子,失效指示,热敏分断,编码环,远程报警压杆,插拔式远程报警接口,基座,one-position,pluggable
27、surge voltage arrester nominal voltages from 60VAC to 500VAC with and without remote indicator contact 4-channel pluggable surge voltage arrester for 230/400VAC 5-wire systems with and without remote indicator contact,TT 1216 GB,VALVETRAB,Surge voltage arrester-MOV,电源第二级保护 VAL-MS 230/3+1 FM,4位集成插拔式防
28、雷保护单元适用 TT 和 TN电网系统的保护所有插头均有失效指示整体式基座可选择远程报警接口FM额定浪涌放电电流（每相）IN=20 KA(8/20)s紧凑设计:仅 70mm宽(4TE),电源第三级保护 PT2-PE/S-230AC,插拔式防雷保护单元适用单相电源的保护插头含有失效指示窗口基座含有远程报警接口FM额定浪涌放电电流（每相）Imax=10 KA(8/20)s紧凑设计:仅 17.5mm宽(1TE),信号保护 PT3-HF-12DC,Power Supply电源,Main distribution panel 6 kV,Sub distribution panel 4 kV,device
29、 2,5 kV,spec.equipment 1,5 kV,Withstand surgevoltage resistance of the insulation,kWhZ,L1L2L3PEN,Lightning current arrester,Surge voltage arrester,Device protection,Insulation coordination 绝缘配合acc.to IEC 60364-4-443符合,TT 035 GB,绝缘配合 Insulation coordination,kWhZ,L1L2L3PEN,雷击电流放电器,过电压放电器,设备保护器,FLASHTR
30、AB,VALVETRAB,SOCKETTRABMAINTRABUAK 2-PE/S-X,Device,Sub distributionpanel,Main distributionpanel,5 m,10 m,_,_,Line as decoupling element,TT 043 GB,Multistage surge protectioncircuit diagram of a 3-stage surge protection,SPD能量配合的基本原理,Decoupling by inductancecircuit diagram,Example:,FLT 25-400,VAL MS-2
31、30,Ures,Uind,Ures+Uind,Decoupling by inductance自感解偶,在MOV将承受最大的能量Emax之前,MOV的残压URES和冲击电感的电压降LDExdi/dt 的总和必须超过火花间隙的动态工作电压UOV dyn.,Uind,退耦距离不够的危险,FLT 60-400,VAL MS-230,Ures,Decoupling by inductancedivision of surge energy,The moment of commutation is determined by the steepnes of the current,Decoupling
32、by inductance:,varistor energy:,W=Wmax,FLT 25-400,Active Energy Contolcircuit diagram,lightning currentarrester(class I/B),Example:,VAL MS-230,FLT-PLUS CTRL-0.9,Ures,Ures,Elektronik,Example:,VAL MS-230,FLT-PLUS CTRL-0.9orFLT 35 CTRL 0.9,Active Energy Control,functionality,TT 362,24/230/400/690 V,Eff
33、ective protection circle有效的保护圈,Data telecommunication数字电讯Ethernet,Cat 5以太网，5类电缆RS485Videosignal视频信号.,Auxiliary power supply附属电源,MCR-lines测量控制线0.20mAI/Os.,区域 0:a建筑物外部，在避雷针保护半径外，会直接遭受雷击，无雷电电 磁脉冲屏蔽区域 0:b建筑物外部，在避雷针保护半径内，不会直接遭受雷击，无雷电 电磁脉冲屏蔽（雷击保护区）雷电电磁脉冲波形为10/350区域 1:建筑物内部，能量较强的瞬态过程由开关电磁脉冲和雷击电流部分分量产生（过电压保
34、护区1）区域 2:建筑物内部，能量较弱的瞬态过程由开关电磁脉冲和静电放电产生（过电压保护区2）区域 3:建筑物内部，无瞬态电流电压产生于干扰源外部，相互间可能产生影响的电流回路被屏蔽并分开布线（过电压保护区3）,电磁兼容性保护区,TT 36 CN,61312-1 IEC:1995,将一个需要保护的空间划分为不同的防雷区的原则,等电位连接点,通信线,金属管道:如：水管,LPZ 0A 和LPZ 1的界面,旗杆或栅栏,天线,电源线,洞(如：窗),LPZ 1与 LPZ 2 的界面,设备,EMC protection zone concept电磁兼容保护区,EMC PZ 0(LPZ 0：b),(PZ=保
35、护区),EMC PZ 1,EMC,PZ 2,EMC,PZ 3,EMC,PZ 3,TT 371 CN,EMC PZ 0(LPZ 0：a),61312-1 IEC:1995,将钢筋连接成金属框架的措施，以实现减小内部磁场的例子,在各交叉点的连接,金属门框,每根钢筋的连接,金属窗框,61312-1 IEC:1995,采用一个内部环形导体时外来导电物在地面多点进入的等电位连接,其它电气接地,TT 918 GB,Classification of protection zones保护区的分类,lightning protection zone 0A,lightning protection zone 0
36、B,protection zone 1,protection zone 2,protection zone 3,protection zone 2,protection zone 3,protection zone 1,protection zone 2,SPD B,SPD C,SPD D,SPD D,SPD C,主配电mains,SPD:surge protective devicedecoupling element(conductor lenght),protection zone 1,RA,Class IProtection AgainstDirect Lightning Curren
37、ts(Lightning CurrentArrester)(10/350 s),IEC 61643-1Performance Requirements of Surge Protective Devicesfor Low-Voltage Power Supply Systems,Standardization of Surge Protective Devices,Class IIProtection AgainstIndirect LightningEffects(Surge Arrester)(8/20 s),Class IIIProtection AgainstSwitchingOver
38、voltages(Surge Arrester)(1,2/50 s;8/20 s),Types of mains/电网类型(DIN 57 100/VDE 0100，第300部分),第一个字母:电源的接地方式T电网的一点直接接地（系统地）I所有导电部分与地绝缘或电网的一点通过一个阻抗（如绝缘监测）与地相连。,TT 352 CN,Types of mains/电网类型(DIN 57 100/VDE 0100，第300部分),第二个字母:（用电器）壳体的接地方式T壳体直接接地N壳体通过系统地接地,TT 353 CN,Types of Mains/电网类型(DIN 57 100/VDE 0100，第300部分),其它字母:SSeparat?-在整个电网中N线和PE线是分开的CCombined?-在整个电网中N线和PE线合为一根线，即PEN线,TT 354 CN,TN-C-System,TT-System,TN-S-System,TN-C-S-SystemCase 1,TN-C-S-SystemCase 2,TT-System Problematik,L1,L2,L3,N,FI,I,PE,UB,RE UB,IF,TT 461 D,
