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1、Figure Interpretation 数字口译,英汉两种语言数字单位名称的不同,数字口译难点：千以上的汉语和英语的数字单位名称不同。这就造成了数字口译不仅是符号代码的转换，而且还必须进行换算。,Quiz,E-C 10 thousand 20 million 2.3 billion,C-E 3万 10万 1亿,汉英数字单位名称对比,汉语：四位数字一个分节英语：三维数字一个分节,汉英数字单位名称对比,汉英数字单位表达对比,口译中经常遇到一些模糊数字，如“几个”、“十几个”、“几十个”、“成百上千个”等等。模糊数字的口译虽也有一定的规律，但主要靠平时熟记，用时才能熟练自如，准确无误。注意以下模
2、糊数字的口译,模糊笼统数字的口译,几个 十几个几十个 几十年 七十好几了 好几百个 成千上万/千千万万 几十万三三两两少于多余大约,估计，接近，差不多,some;a few;/several;a number ofmore than 10;no more than twentydozens ofDecadeswell over seventyhundreds ofthousands ofhundreds of thousands of by twos and threes below,fewer than,less than,within upwards of,above,more than,
3、over,exceed around,nearly,close to,about,approximately,estimated,特殊倍数的表达,到2020年实现国内生产总值比2000年翻两番,达到40,000亿美元左右Quadruple：增加了三倍，翻两番double:增加了一倍，翻一番treble：增加两倍，增加到三倍By 2020,Chinas GDP will quadruple that of 2000 to approximately USD 4 trillion.今年的粮食产量比去年增长2成.20%The output of grain this year increased b
4、y 20%over the last year.,by+数字/to+数字/at+数字的短语,to利润从1.05亿元降到7500万元左右。A drop in profits from$105 million to$75 million.by房价上涨了10%。House prices went up by 10%.at中国经济年均增长9.4%Chinas economy grows at an annual rate of 9.4%.,Useful verbs,位居世界第二Is ranked the second/中国经济总量位居世界第六，进出口贸易额居世界第四。Chinas economy is
5、 ranked the 6th in the world and its foreign trade is ranked the 4th.China is the worlds sixth largest economy and the fourth largest trader.上涨，增长To rise,to increase,to climb,to go up,to jump,to soarA sharp/considerable/slight increase/rise下降，减少To fall,to drop,to decline,to decrease,to reduce，to go
6、downA sharp/slight drop/decline,Total 总计去年收入总计人民币150亿元，比上年增长20%The revenue of last year totaled RMB 15 b yuan,a 20%increase over the previous year.,Short expressionsVery Useful!,今年为,比上年上涨了,a%increase over the previous/last year,up%.,tons more than last year.全年产量The annual output of年均进口增速达到20%The imp
7、ort grows at an annual rate of 20%.,Practice C-E,国民经济继续保持平稳较快增长。国内生产总值超过30万亿元，比上年增长9%；物价总水平涨幅得到控制；财政收入6.13万亿元，增长19.5%；粮食连续五年增产，总产量10570亿斤，创历史最高水平。,The national economy continued to maintain steady and rapid growth.GDP topped 30 trillion yuan,an increase of 9%over the previous year.Overall price rise
8、s were held in check.Government revenue was 6.13 trillion yuan,an increase of 19.5%.Grain output rose for the fifth consecutive year and totaled 1.057trillion tons,a record high.,Practice E-C,增加值 added value合同外资：contracted实际使用外资：actually utilized,1.the annual added value of industry is RMB 6.2815 tr
9、illion yuan,an increase of 11.5%over last year.2.the annual output of grain is 469,470,000 tons,38,770,000tons more than last year and an increase of 9.1%.3.the annual total volume of import and export is USD 1.1548 trillion,an increase of 35.7%over last year.4.the annual volume of contracted foreig
10、n capital is USD 153.5 billion,an increase of 33.4%,and actually utilized foreign capital is USD 60.6 billion,an increase of 13.3%.5.the annual number of inbound tourists is 109,040,000,and the income from foreign currency is USD 25.7 billion,an increase of 47.9%.,百分数、小数、分数的口译 8%eight percent15%fift
11、een percent42%forty-two percent4.35%four point three five percent0.5%point five percent4.032four point naught three two71.006seventy-one point naught naught six 1/2one half;a half1/3one third 1/4a quarter3/5three-fifths7/8seven-eighths1/10one-tenth1/100one-hundredth；one percent 1/1000one-thousandth1
12、4/1000fourteen-thousandths1/10000one-ten thousandths2-1/2two and a half4-2/3four and two-thirds,增/减倍数的口译英汉倍数的表达有相似之处，也有不同。英汉互译时要特别注意不同的英语句型和表达方法所表示的倍数概念与汉语不同。英语用times 表示倍数。无论在何种句型中都表示乘的关系，即包括基数在内的倍数。请注意以下表示倍数的英语句型及其含义：A is N times larger（longer，heavier）than B.A is larger（longer，heavier）than B by N t
13、imes.A is N+1 times as large（long，heavy）as B.这三句英语的含义都是“A的大小(长度、重量)是B的N+1倍”，或者“A比B大（长、重）N倍”。,根据以上规律，请看下面英语句子的汉译：(1)The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球的大小是月球的49倍。(或地球比月球大48倍)(2)Since mid-century,the global economy has nearly quintupled,While the population has doubled,demand for grain has n
14、early tripled,and the burning of fossil fuels has increased nearly fourfold.自本世纪中叶以来，全球经济增长了将近四倍，人口翻了一番。结果，粮食的需求增加了近两倍，石油燃料增加了近四倍。(3)Within 30 years there will be twice as many urban people as countryside people in the world.30年内，全世界的城市居民将是农村人口的两倍。(4)Although London covers less than 400,000 acres,it
15、 needs nearly 50 million acre-125 times its area-to provide it with food,timber,and other resources,and to absorb its pollution.虽然伦敦占地不到40万英亩，却需要近5000万英亩的土地125倍于它本身的面积来供给它食品，原木和其他资源，并吸收它产生的污染物。,汉语倍数的表示法归纳起来有两类：第一类表示是(原数的)几倍，几倍于(原数)或增加到(原数的)几倍。第二类表示(比原数)大几倍或(比原数)增加了几倍；这两类说法含义不同。第一类表示包括基数在内的倍数，与英语倍数表示
16、法的含义相同。第二类表示净增倍数。因此，汉语倍数的英译首先要区分不同含义，选用恰当的句型，灵活准确地表达。如果用能N times/表示英语的包括基数在内的倍数，那么汉语的第二类表示“增加了几倍”的英译就要用(N+1)times 来表示。,例如：去年这个公司手机的销量增长了近一倍（为原来的两倍）。The sales volume of portable phones of this company increased nearly onefold/100%last year.The sales volume of portable phones of this company nearly do
17、ubled last year.,汉语增加倍数的说法很多，英译时，首先要仔细区分是包括基数在内的增加倍数还是净增倍数，然后决定用N times 还是（N+1）times 来表达。,例如：(1)过去20年中，中国的国内生产总值增长了近五倍。In the past 20 years,Chinas gross domestic product increased nearly five times.(2)1978年至1997年，中国人均生产总值增长了3.4倍。Chinas per capita GDP went up by 3.4 times between 1978 and 1997.(3)中国城
18、镇居民人均居住面积由1978年的3.6平方米提高到1997年的8.8平方米，增加1.4倍。The per capita living space for urban residents in China expanded from 3.6 square meters in 1978 to 8.8 square meters in 1997,a rise of 1.4 times.(4)1949年至1998年,中国的粮食总产量由1.1亿吨增加到5.1亿吨,增长3.5倍,年平均增长3.1%,是人口增长率的2.5倍。Chinas total grain output increased from 1
19、10 million tons in 1949 to 510 million tons in 1998,or an increase of over 3.5 times,with an average annual growth rate of 3.1 percent,2.5 times that of the population growth.(5)1997年,全国高等学校在校生总数为608万人,其中研究生18万人,分别是1979年的2.2倍和9.6倍。In 1997，6.08 million students were studying in colleges and universit
20、ies,including 180,000 postgraduates,2.2 times and 9.6 times the figures of 1979 respectively.,由于汉语很少用“减少了若干倍”的说法，而多用“减少了百分之几”或“减少了几成”的说法，因此，减少多用百分数和分数表示。,例如：(1)由于水灾，去年的收成减少了三成。Owing to floods,grain output last year declined by 30 percent.(2)该公司的员工裁减了近三分之一，开支减少了四分之一。The personnel of the company have
21、been reduced nearly by one-third and the expenses by one-fourth.(3)1998年，政府机构改革目标实现。国务院下设部门从40个减少到29个，人员减少了近一半。In 1998，the targets of restructuring governmental institutions were met.Departments under the State Council were reduced from 40 to 29 and personnel were cut nearly by half.,增/减百分比的口译“增/减了百
22、分之几”英语和汉语的含义一致，都表示净增或净减百分数。英汉增/减百分数的表示法有以下几种：1)增/减了%increase/rise/grow%decrease/drop/fall/sink%或者increase/rise/grow/go up by%decrease/drop/fall/go down by%,(1)Between 1986 and 1987,Nikes sales dropped 18 percent and profits sank by more than 40 percent as a result of competition with Reebok.与“锐步”鞋业竞
23、争的结果，从1986到1987年，耐克（鞋）的销售额下降了18%，利润下降了40%多。(2)By putting out more than one new shoe style everyday on average,in 1995 and 1996,Nikes sales and profits grew 71 percent and 80 percent respectively；meanwhile,Nikes closest rival Reebok grew just nine percent in the same period.靠平均每天推出一个以上新（鞋）款式，1995到199
24、6，耐克的销售额和利润分别上涨了71%和80%。而同期最接近耐克的竞争对手锐步只上涨了9%。(3)Procter&Gamble just raised prices on its paper products by as much as 8%.(美国)普罗科特甘布尔公司刚刚把他们的纸制品价格提高了8%。,(4)Spending on non-durables-everything from soap flakes to razors to tennis shoes-rose 30%last year.去年非耐用品，从皂片、剃须刀到网球鞋的消费上升了30%。(5)In the fiscal ye
25、ar of 2000,ending on March 30,export slumped 11.3 percent in Taiwan,10 percent in Thailand,9.9 percent in South Korea and 2.4 percent in Hong Kong.However,the Chinese mainland posted a respectable 7.5 percent rate in the first quarter.在3月30日刚刚结束的2000财政年度，台湾的出口猛跌了11.3%，泰国10%、南韩9.9%、香港2.4%。然而，中国大陆却公布了
26、第一季度7.5%的可观增长。(6)In America,the number of people engaged in farming as their principle of occupation fell to 961,560 in 1997,down 8.7 percent from 1992,while the number between(the age of)25 to 34 fell 28 percent.在美国以农业为主要职业的人数1997下降到961560人，比1992下降了8.7%，而年龄在25到34岁的人数下降了28%。,2)与相比，增/减了%increase/rise
27、/grow/go up by%(as)compared with/as against/as opposed to/overdecrease/drop/fall/go down by%(as)compared with/as against/as opposed to/over,例如:(1)1999年，普通高校招生规模比上年扩大了47.4%。University and college enrollment in 1999 increased by 47.4 percent over the previous year.(2)同1997年相比，1998年工业排污减少了11.6%；家庭排污增加了
28、2.6%。Compared with 1997,the discharge of industrial wastewater dropped by 11.6 percent,while that of domestic sewage rose by 2.6 percent in 1998.(3)因受亚洲金融危机的冲击，1998年中国进出口总额比上年下降0.4%，其中进口总额下降1.5%；出口总额增长0.5%。As a result of Asian financial crises,Chinas total volume of import and export in 1998 dropped
29、 by 0.4 percent over the previous year,of which the volume of import went down by 1.5 percent,and the volume of export went up by 0.5 percent.,3)增/减率 be%increase/rise/growth be%decrease/drop/decline an increase/a rise/a growth rate of%a decrease/drop/decline of%be%up/down be up/down%,例如：1999年，中国外贸出口
30、达1949亿美元，比上年增长6.1%。Chinas total exports reached US$194.9 billion in 1999,a rise of 6.1 percent over the previous year.1998年，中国全年海外游客入境人数6348万人次，比上年增长10.2%,国际旅游收入达126亿美元,增长4.4%。In 1998,China received 63.48 million tourists from overseas,up by 10.2 percent.Income of foreign exchange from tourism reach
31、ed 12.6 million US dollars,up 4.4 percent.,4)增/减具体数字的英译也可用“by”+具体数字来表示。例如：我国水土流失面积每年以10,000平方公里的速度在扩大。目前，水土流失面积已达367万平方公里,占总土地面积将近38%。The area of soil erosion in China has been increasing by 10,000 square km.annually to 3.67 million square km.at present,accounting for nearly 38 percent of the total
32、land area.由于低温多雨的影响,我国夏粮减产1460万吨。Chinas output of summer grain declined by 14.6 million tons due to low temperature and rainy days during the growing period.,汉语增/减百分数的英译还有一些其它表示法，但不管用什么方法，英语的增/减百分数都是净增/减数。实践是训练数字互译的根本途径。口译教学要集中一段时间专门进行数字口译训练。译员只有经过大量反复的数字口译实践才能掌握英汉数字互译的不同特点和规律，达到数字互译脱口而出，快速、准确的程度。,W
33、orld PopulationWith its two giants,China and India,Asia is the home of the majority of the worlds 6 billion human inhabitants，and Africa the second most popular continent.The UN population fund said in its 1998 report on population growth,Asia counts 3.5 billion people.Its most populous countries ar
34、e China,with 1.2 billion plus another 6.3 million in Hong Kong and India with 975.8 million,followed far behind by Indonesia with 125.9 million and Bangladesh with 124 million.India,which has continued to hold the record for a higher birth rate than China,is expected to grow in the year 2025 to 1.3
35、billion residents.The projected population for all of Asia in the year 2025 is 4.7 billion.In Africa,the UN Population Fund reported counted 778.5 million residents,with 1.4 billion anticipated in 2025.,Nigeria is Africas most populous country with 121.8 million residents.Egypt is next with 65.7 mil
36、lion,followed by Ethiopia with 62.1 million,the Democratic Republic of Congo with 49.2 million,and South Africa with 44.3 million.Nigeria,the DRC and Ethiopia are expected to double their population in one generation by the year 2025.The European continent counts 729.4 million residents,with Russia
37、still the most populous country at 147.2 million,though its population growth is declining.Germany is next with 82.4 million.Europe,according to the UN report is the sole continent whose population is expected to decline,dropping to 701.1 million residents in the year 2025.North America,with the Uni
38、ted States and its 273.8 million residents counts 304.1 million people,though the number is expected to rise to 369 million in 2025.,2000年第五次全国人口普查主要数据国家统计局今天公布了2000年第五次全国人口普查结果：,一、总人口全国总人口为129533万人。其中：祖国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市（不包括福建省的金门、马祖等岛屿，下同）和现役军人的人口共126583万人。香港特别行政区人口为678万人。澳门特别行政区人口为44万人。台湾省和福建省的金门、马祖
39、等岛屿人口为2228万人。,二、人口增长 祖国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市和现役军人的人口，同第四次全国人口普查1990年7月1日0时的113368万人相比，十年零四个月共增加了13215万人，增长11.66%。平均每年增加1279万人，年平均增长率为1.07%。三、家庭户人口 祖国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市共有家庭户34837万户，家庭人口为119839万人，平均每个家庭户的人口为3.44人，比1990年第四次全国人口普查的3.96人减少了0.52人。四、总人口性别构成 祖国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市和现役军人的人口中，男性为65355万人，占总人口的51.63%；女性为61228万人，
40、占总人口的48.37%。性别比（以女性为100，男性对女性的比例）为10674。,五、年龄构成 祖国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市和现役军人的人口中，-14 岁的人口为28979万人。占总人口的22.89%；15-64 岁的人口为88793 万人，占总人口的70.15%；65岁及以上的人口为8811万人，占总人口的6.96%。同1990年第四次全国人口普查相比，-14岁人口的比重下降了4.80个百分点，岁及以上人口的比重上升了.39个百分点。六、民族构成 祖国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市和现役军人的人口中，汉族人口为115940万人，占总人口的91.59%；少数民族人口为1064万人，占总人口的
41、8.41%。同1990年第四次全国人口普查相比，汉族人口增加了11692万人，增长了11.22%；各少数民族人口增加了1523万人，增长了16.70%。,七、各种受教育程度人口祖国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市和现役军人的人口中，接受大学（指大专以上）教育的4571万人；接受高中（含中专）教育的14109万人；接受初中教育的42989万人；接受小学教育的45191万人（以上各种受教育程度的人包括各类学校的毕业生、肄业生和在校生）。同1990年第四次全国人口普查相比，每10万人中拥有各种受教育程度的人数有如下变化：具有大学程度的由1422人上升为 3611 人；具有高中程度的由8039 人上升为1
42、1146人；具有初中程度的由 23344 人上升为33961人；具有小学程度的 37057人下降为 35701人。祖国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市和现役军人的人口中，文盲人口（15 岁及15岁以上不识字或识字很少的人）为 8507 万人，同1990年第四次全国人口普查相比，文盲率由15.88%下降为 6.72%，下降了9.16个百分点。,八、城乡人口 祖国大陆 31个省、自治区、直辖市的人口中，居住在城镇的人口 45594万人，占总人口的 36.09%；居住在乡村的人口80739 万人，占总人口的63.91%。同 1990 年第四次全国人口普查相比，城镇人口占总人口的比重上升了9.86个百分点
43、。,Topic:Tour and Visit,Famous Universities,Fudan University Vocabulary,campuscollegeBachelors degree program/master/doctor secondary discipline National key disciplineCross-disciplinary research instituteconfer degreeMinistry of Education post-doctoral research stationteaching hospital facultyassoci
44、ate professorAcademician(Chinese Academy of Science/Engineering)Doctoral supervisor,校区:学院:学士学位授予点:二级学科:国家重点学科：跨学科研究所:授予学位:教育部:博士后科学研究流动站:教学医院:教职员工：副教授：院士：博导:,Shanghai International Studies University(SISU),上海市政府：国务院：研究生:全日制本科生:专科生：Shanghai Municipal government State Council of the Peoples Republic o
45、f China.post graduate studentsfull time postgraduate studentscollege student,上海外国语大学创建于1949年12月，原名为上海俄文学校.1963年由国务院批准成为一所全国重点高校.Shanghai International Studies University(SISU)was founded in 1949,originally known as Shanghai College of Russian.In 1963,SISU became a national key institution of higher
46、learning upon approval by the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China.1994年，经国家教委批准，学校正式改名为上海外国语大学并被列为国家教委和上海市共同建设的首批学校之一.1996年国家教委批准进入“211工程”.In 1994,approved by the State Education Commission(SEC),the University adopted its present name and was selected as one of the first universities in S
47、hanghai to be jointly funded by SEC and Shanghai Municipal Government.In 1996,SISU was granted to be a“Project 211”university by SEC上海外国语大学是一所致力于培养高素质、复合型、多能力、国际化人才的多科性外国语大学，具有严谨的校风、教风、学风，在国内外享有良好的声誉。The mission of SISU is to cultivate elites with multidisciplinary knowledge,multiple skills and inte
48、rnational orientation.Having a long tradition of conscientious teaching and learning,SISU enjoys a good reputation home and abroad.学校现有虹口、松江两个校区。虹口校区位于上海市中心，占地254亩，环境优雅。松江校区位于上海松江新城，占地800多亩，环境优美。Now,SISU has two campuses,namely Hongkou and Songjiang campuses.The former is an elegant one in Hongkou D
49、istrict downtown SH with a floor area of 254 Mu and the latter is a picturesque 53.3-hectare one in Songjiang New District.目前，全校共有研究生1100多名，全日制本科生5900余名，专科生800余名，留学生1200余名。全校共有专职教职工500余名.Currently,SISU has a full-time enrolment of over 1100 postgraduate students,5300 undergraduate students,1000 coll
50、ege students,and 900 international students.The University has a full-time faculty of more than 500.,The mission of SISU is to cultivate elites with multidisciplinary knowledge,multiple skills and international orientation.Having a long tradition of conscientious teaching and learning,SISU enjoys a
