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1、Ethics in Pastoral Ministry教牧事工中的伦理学,The Eye Clinic Mistake眼科诊所的错误You awake in the morning with only a little pain in your eyes;a bit like having some sand in your eyes.But with a little moisture from the eye drops you feel much better than you thought you would after having surgery on your eyes.In
2、fact,you are really excited;you will never have to wear glasses again!你早上起来的时候，觉得你的眼睛有一点点痛；好像有沙子在你的眼睛里。但是当你滴了一点眼药水后，你感觉比你想象的手术后的状况舒服得多。事实上，你还很激动，因为手术后，你再也不用戴眼镜了。,The Eye Clinic Mistake眼科诊所的错误But your joy turns quickly to another more tentative emotion when you hear the story of what happened yesterd
3、ay at the eye clinic.Your brother,who took you to the clinic begins to tell the story of how you got your eye surgery for free!Somehow,in the midst of the confusion in the crowded lobby of the eye clinic the person responsible for collecting the fee made a mistake.As your brother prepared to give he
4、r the money for the surgery,she reached out to him with the receipt,thanked him,and wished you both well in saying goodbye.但是，当你得知昨天在眼科诊所发生的事情后，你的快乐很快就被打破了。你弟弟，就是那位带你去眼科诊所的，他告诉你怎样做了一个免费的眼科手术！因为那个在拥挤的缴费人群中负责收费的人犯了一个错误。正当你弟弟准备缴费时，她却把收据给了你兄弟，并谢谢他，还说着祝你们健康的 话道再见。,Before you have the time to say anything
5、 to your brother,the phone rings;it is the eye clinic.You listen to one side of the conversation and quickly understand that the clinic has realized their mistake and is asking for you to come in and pay for your surgery.Your brother quickly and boldly begins arguing with the person on the other end
6、 of the phone,saying that he paid for your surgery and has the receipt to prove it!在你想和你弟弟谈这件事之前，电话铃响了。是眼科诊所打来的。你听到了对话，很快就意识到眼科诊所已经发现他们搞错了，正在要求你去诊所结帐。你的弟弟勇敢而迅速地跟电话另一头的人争辩，说他的确缴了费，有收据为证。What do you do?你该怎么办？,General terms and definitions一般说法和定义,Ethics:伦理学The study of how people get along with each ot
7、her.研究人怎样和其他人和睦相处A common term for trying to examine and understand the moral life.It refers to both morality and ethical theory.该词常用来描述为检验并明白道德生活而做出的的努力。它常指道德和伦理的各种理论。,General terms and definitions一般说法和定义,*Christian ethics concerns itself with understanding Gods relation to humans and how humans re
8、late to each other.Christian ethics insists that doctrine is inseparable from ethics.基督教伦理学关心的是明白上帝和人的关系，以及人际关系。基督教伦理学坚持教义和伦理密不可分。,General terms and definitions一般性的词汇和定义,Morals and Morality refers to social ideas about right and wrong human conduct.道德规范和道德指的是社会关于人类行为的对与错的观念。Imagine a boy walking dow
9、n the street who begins to beat up an old woman.,General terms and definitions一般性的词汇和定义,设想一个男孩在街上走，并打一位年老的妇女。Is this right or wrong human conduct?这一行为是对还是错？Why?Why not?为什么对？为什么错？Says who?说谁？Who decides it is right or wrong?谁决定是对还是错？What do you do about it?你会对此采取什么行动？,General terms and definitions一般性
10、的词汇和定义,Descriptive ethics asks what is going on in an ethical situation.You may have the sense that something immoral is happening(or has happened or may happen in the future).Descriptive ethics is the effort to clarify the situation.We must ask why there is an ethical situation and what are the imp
11、ortant details of the situation.描述性伦理学所讨论的是在一个涉及伦理的情况中所发生的事情。你可能会觉得有某种不道德的事情正在发生（或已经发生，或将要发生）。描述性伦理学是为了搞清楚情况而进行的努力。我们必须问，为什么这里会有一个涉及伦理的情况，在这一情况中，有哪些重要的细节问题。,General terms and definitions一般性的说法和定义,Normative ethics makes assertions about what should be done or how we ought to behave.After we do the wo
12、rk of descriptive ethics and we understand the ethical situation,then we must say how we need to proceed.The end product of normative ethics is an assertion of what ought to be.规范伦理学决定应该做什么，或应该怎样做。在我们做了描述性伦理学的工作之后，当我们明白了某一伦理情况后，接下来，我们就必须决定，我们该怎样继续采取行动。规范伦理学的最终结果就是我们决定应该怎样行动。,General terms and defini
13、tions一般性的说法和定义,There is little or no concern for description here.Instead normative ethics is telling us what should happen.在这里，很少，或完全不存在描述的过程。相反，规范伦理学是要告诉我们什么是应该发生的。,General terms and definitions一般性的说法和定义,Descriptive Ethics Normative Ethics描述性伦理学 规范伦理学“IS”“OUGHT”是什么 应该怎么WhyWhat 为什么 什么StatementAsser
14、tion 陈述 决定,General terms and definitions一般性的说法和定义,Human moral reasoning:人类道德的思辨We begin with descriptive ethics and move toward normative ethics finishing with a statement about what should be done.我们从描述性伦理学开始，然后转到规范伦理学，以我们应该怎样做的决定结束。,General terms and definitions一般性的说法和定义,But!但是！The moment we state
15、 our position(make a normative statement)is the moment we will be challenged by someone else:“Why would you think that?!”一旦我们开始表态（开始规范性的表态），就会有别人挑战我们的态度：“你为什么那样想？！Our answer to this challenge is what we call justification.我们对这个挑战的回答是那就是我们所称之为的理由。,General terms and definitions一般性的说法和定义,Justification:
16、理由The offering of the good reasons for the normative position we hold.为我们的规范性态度提供合理原因For example:“We should pay the eye-clinic for the surgery”is a statement of normative ethics but it does not say anything about why we should pay!比如：“我们应该付眼科诊所手术费”是规范伦理学的态度，但这个态度并没有说明我们为什么应该缴费。,General terms and def
17、initions一般性的说法和定义,Justification offers the reasons for the positions we take.理由为我们提供了我们所持态度的原因。EXAMPLE:“Because”例子:“因为”“Big Because”or“Little Because”“重大原因”或“小原因”,General terms and definitions一般性的说法和定义,Justification理由Theological justification:神学上的理由The good reasons for our salvation我们得救的合理原因,General
18、 terms and definitions一般性的说法和定义,Moral justification:道德上的理由The good reasons for right behavior正确行为的合理原因Giving good reasons for the things you do.为你所做的事提供合理原因“Big”because,“Little”because:“重大原因，”“小”原因：Moving beyond“because”is difficult在“因为”之外操作是困难的。,General terms and definitions一般性的说法和定义,Metaethics/元伦理
19、学The analysis of the common terms of ethics and morality:对常用伦理学和道德词汇的分析Good/Bad 好/坏Righteous/Evil 正义/邪恶Right/Wrong 正确/错误What do we mean by these terms and how to we learn of them.我们对这些词的定义是什么，我们怎样知道它们的Why be moral at all?为什么要有道德？,General terms and definitions一般词汇和定义,Review/复习：Ethics 伦理学Christian eth
20、ics 基督教伦理学Morals/Morality 道德规范/道德Descriptive ethics 描述性伦理学Normative ethics 规范伦理学Metaethics 元伦理学Justification 理由,General terms and definitions,Ethics:horizontally it simply means how we get along with each other at a human to human level.伦理学：平行层面地说，它意味着我们怎样处理人际关系。,Ethics:vertically it focuses on how
21、our understand of God affects our relations with other humans.伦理学：垂直层面地说，它所关注的是我们对上帝的理解怎样影响着我们同她人的关系。,General terms and definitions一般性的词汇和定义,Christian ethics is equally concerned for both horizontal and vertical elements of ethics:基督教伦理学所关注的是伦理学的水平层面和垂直层面的问题。Our thinking is wrong if we think we can
22、avoid one or the other axis.如果认为我们可以避开这两个层面中的任何一个层面的问题的话，我们就错了。,General terms and definitions一般性的词汇和定义,Our thinking is wrong if we think the vertical is more important than the horizontal.如果我们认为垂直层面的问题比水平层面的问题更重要的话，我们就错了。Our thinking is wrong if we think the horizontal is more important than the vertical如果我们认为水平层面的问题比垂直层面的问题更重要的话，我们就错了。,
