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1、U10,Additional lnformation for the Teachers Reference,Text Whatever Happened to Privacy?,Warm-up Activities,Further Reading,Writing Skills,Additional Work,Warm-up Activities,1.Can you explain what privacy is with your own words?2.What are the different attitudes towards privacy in China and the West
2、?3.What can we do to protect our privacy?,Warm-up 1.1,William Zinsser(1922-)is a writer and professor who began his career as a journalist.On October 7,1922,William Zinsser was born in New York City.After attending Princeton,he served in the U.S.Army during WWII.He returned to New York City after th
3、e war,joining the staff of the New York Herald Tribune,where he worked as a feature writer,drama editor,film critic,and editorial writer.In 1959,after thirteen years with the New York Herald Tribune,he left journalism to become a freelance writer,and for some years he was a regular contributor to ma
4、jor national magazines such as look and life,AIFTTR1.1,Additional lnformation for the Teachers Reference,1.William Zinsser,AIFTTR1.2,magazines and the New York Times.In 1970,he joined the English faculty at Yale University.Among his major books are Seen Any Good Movies Lately?(1958),The City Dweller
5、s(1962),and The Lunacy Boom(1970).Zinsser is most famous for the modern classic On Writing Well,a book that grew out of his popular writing class at Yale.Originally published in 1976,the book has come out in six editions,selling well over a million copies(the book has occupied a special place in my
6、library for over 25 years).Whatever Happened to Privacy?is chosen from The Haircurl Papers,a book of essays published in 1964.,AIFTTR2.1,2.Privacy and Right of Privacy in the United States,Privacy is much respected in the United States in terms of social contacts and daily activities.Americans avoid
7、 asking questions concerning others income,age especially for women and some other sensitive issues when it seems not to be the appropriate time for raising such questions.For instance one wont ask his friends marital or job-seeking developments when his friend is apparently in a very embarrassing o
8、r unpleasant mood.However taboo topics with regard to privacy may vary with the intimacy or personal relations.Privacy-protection is reduced to the least degree when intimate lovers talk,but something still remains untouched and personal even,AIFTTR2.2,among people in love.It also depends on the con
9、text.Speakers may not utter any more words than the usual expressions of greeting at a conference,while at a cocktail party casual talks prevail and people seem to tolerate somewhat inquisitive questions.Right of Privacy is the right claimed by individuals to control the disclosure of personal infor
10、mation about themselves.It also covers peoples freedom to make their own decisions about their private lives in the face of government attempts to regulate behavior.The Constitution of the United States guarantees a number of privacy rights.The Fifth Amendment,for example,upholds the right to refuse
11、 to testify against oneself in a criminal case.,The Fourth Amendment protects a person against unreasonable searches and seizures by government officials.The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that the Constitution also protects privacy in certain matters relating to marriage,reproduction,
12、birth control,family relationships,and child rearing and education.Privacy is also protected by a branch of civil law called tort law.Under tort law,one person can sue another for violation of privacy in any of four categories:(1)disclosing private facts that are not newsworthy;(2)portraying a perso
13、n in a false light;(3)using a persons image or personal facts for profit without the persons permission;and(4)intruding into a persons private physical space.,AIFTTR2.3,AIFTTR3.1,3.Privacy on Computer Systems,Computer systems enable many organizations,including government agencies,financial institut
14、ions,and health care providers,to collect information on a person without the individuals knowledge.Such information,as well as electronic mail and digital photographs of individuals,can be circulated worldwide on the vast computer network called the Internet.Organizations collect information on ind
15、ividuals to investigate or prevent crime,to manage vast service programs,or to determine a persons eligibility for or interest in credit,insurance,education,or other services.Since the 1970s,however,Congress and the states have passed laws that restrict,AIFTTR3.2,disclosure of personal information a
16、nd give individuals the right to challenge the accuracy of information about themselves.These laws cover federal agencies,school records,credit reports,and telephone solicitation.In addition,the law holds that most privileged conversations with lawyers,spouses,clergy,and others are confidential.Hack
17、ers and net criminals also hold responsibilities for the increasingly worsening situation of privacy invasion on the Internet.Hackers may not confine themselves to the secret or illegal gathering of personal information;in some cases they turn into criminals who commit crimes either resulting in the
18、 economic loss or leading to more serious libeling or physical harm off the virtual world.The ill-intentioned acts of prying,AIFTTR3.3,into others computers to steal personal data such as password,bank account,address and telephone number are against the rights of privacy and are most likely to be p
19、unished.However,the circulation of digital photographs of individuals or rather celebrities are not all ill-intentioned acts.Users circulate photos and email addresses merely for the purpose of sharing with others the information.Until now there seems to be no better ways to deal with those minor vi
20、olations of privacy on the Internet.,4.Celebrities on TV,Some television stations broadcast many talk shows,also called discussion shows.On these shows,a host interviews people from many walks of life-including athletes,authors,motion picture and TV stars etc.Others also have programs in which journ
21、alists and others concerned with current events discuss topics in the news.Politicians may be interviewed about important matters of the day.Many commercial stations fill time slots by selling broadcast time to companies with products to sell.In TV commercials,celebrities or other spokespersons demo
22、nstrate and endorse a product.Direct appeals to purchase the product over the telephone or through the mail are often part of the program.,AIFTTR4,Text,Whatever Happened to Privacy?,Notes,Introduction to the Author and the Article,Phrases and Expressions,Exercises,Main Idea of the Text,Main Idea of
23、the Text 1,Main Idea of the Text,In Whatever Happened to Privacy?William Zinsser offers some ideas as to how to understand the invasion of privacy in current America.He examines the growing menace of personal space-invasion,which affects American daily lives.The menace evinces itself,as the author p
24、uts it,in two ways,namely the hot pursuit of privacy and the voluntary surrender of privacy.On the one hand,people become more inquisitive of others private affairs and few can still remain all the time sober and vigilant upon the break-in of their own privacy.Or rather to most people there is no go
25、od way to ward off prying eyes to take advantage of their weak or thoughtless defense.On the other,some people,Main Idea of the Text 2,apparently seem easily persuaded or tempted to unbosom themselves to the public for fame as well as for money.The mass media fuel the exposure of personal or intimat
26、e secrets,especially celebrities in exchange for commercial benefits as well as for large readership,audience or spectators.Shedding privacy even taints the literary circle in that more and more literary men love and indulge in the public promotion of their works on TV or on the radio to highlight t
27、heir public images.Then the public relations consultant rises,as the time requires the improvement of the public image of his client.As a result,the very concept of protecting privacy is now on the verge of collapse within the media age.,William Zinsser(1922-)is a writer and professor who began his
28、career as a journalist.In 1959,after thirteen years with New York Herald Tribune,he left journalism to become a freelance writer,and for some years he was a regular contributor to major national magazines.Among his major books are Seen Any Good Movies Lately?(1958),The City Dwellers(1962),and The Lu
29、nacy Boom(1970).Whatever Happened to Privacy is chosen from The Haircurl Papers,a book of essays published in 1964.In this essay,William Zinsser examines the growing menace of personal space-invasion which affects American daily lives.,Introduction to the Author and the article,Introduction to the A
30、uthor and the Article,Invading other peoples privacy is now a big pursuit and big business in America.So is the voluntary surrender of privacy,judging by the large number of men and women who seem driven to make an outward show of their inner selves.Newspapers,magazines and television programs are b
31、attening as never before on the personal lives of the famous,and no detail is too intimate to be made public,as President Eisenhower found during his recovery from a heart attack.In fact,anyone who tries to guard his privacy is regarded as somewhat odd and un-American.,Part2_T1,William Zinsser,Whate
32、ver Happened to Privacy?,Text,Certainly a mans home is no longer his castle,or,if it is,the moat is dry and the portcullis is always up.Nothing can stanch the daily tide of impersonal mail posing as personal mail,of salesmen at the door and strangers on the telephone.In the hands of the inconsiderat
33、e the telephone is a deadly weapon,but if a man dons armor against it by refusing to have his number listed in the directory,he must now pay a penalty.The New York Telephone Company has almost half a million of these diehards on its rolls a figure which suggests that the urge for privacy is still al
34、ive,even if the respect for it is not.A few years ago the company became impatient with its unlisted patrons and put an extra charge on their monthly bill,hoping thereby to force them back into the listed world of good fellowship.,Part2_T2,Modern architecture has also done its share to abolish priva
35、cy.The picture window was first designed by men like Frank Lloyd Wright to frame a scene of natural beauty.Today millions of Americans look out of picture windows into other picture windows and busy streets.The contractor has no sooner finished installing the picture window than the decorator is sum
36、moned to cover it with expensive curtains against an inquisitive world.Even then,privacy is uncertain.In many modern houses the rooms have yielded to“areas”that merge into each other,so that the husband trying to work in the“reading area”(formerly den)is naked to the blasts from the“recreation area”
37、(formerly rumpus room)a few feet away.,Part2_T3,Part2_T4,If privacy is hard to find at home,it is almost extinct outside.Strangers in the next seat on trains and planes are seldom given to vows of silence,and certainly the airline pilot is no man to leave his passengers to their thoughts.His jovial
38、voice crackles out of the intercom whenever the customers are in any danger of dropping off to sleep.Airplanes have also been infested by canned music,leaving the captive listener only one method of escape and no method if he wants to live to tell the tale.Unwanted music is privacys constant enemy.T
39、here is hardly an American restaurant,store,railroad station or bus terminal that doesnt gurgle with melody from morning to night,nor is it possible any longer to flee by boarding the train or bus itself,or even by taking a walk in the park.Transistor radios have changed,all that.Men,women and child
40、ren carry them everywhere,hugging them with the desperate attachment that a baby has for its blanket,fearful that they might have to generate an idea of their own or contemplate a blade of grass.Thoughtless themselves,they have no thought for the sufferers within earshot of their portentous news bro
41、adcasts and raucous jazz.It is hardly surprising that Radio Corporation of America announced a plan that would pipe canned music and pharmaceutical commercials to 25,000 doctors offices in eighteen big cities one place where a decent quietude might be expected.This raises a whole new criterion for c
42、hoosing the family physician.Better to have a second-rate healer content with the sounds of his stethoscope than an eminent specialist poking to the rhythms of Gershwin.,Part2_T5,If Americans no longer think twice about invading the privacy of others,it is because popular example has demolished the
43、very concept,as anyone with a TV set will attest.The past decade of television has been an orgy of prying and catharsis.Mike Wallace first achieved fame as a TV inquisitor who left no question unasked.To Drew Pearson,for instance,he said,“President Roosevelt once called you a chronic liar;President
44、Truman called you an S.O.B.at one time and a vicious liar at another time.Could it be that you are a liar?”Wallace explained why such questions are tolerated:“Peoples thresholds are lower than they used to be.”,Part2_T6,Nor does TV fix its peeping eye only on the famous.Program hosts ooze familiarit
45、y,no matter who comes into their net,and sooner or later almost everybody does.How many wretched women were induced to bare their miseries on“Queen for a Day”?How many couples exposed their marital troubles to dissection on“Divorce Court”?Small legions allowed such retrospective shows as“This is You
46、r Life”and“It Could Be You”to conjure up spirits from their unhappy past.Dr.Joyce Brothers had a program on which she answered questions on the sexual problems of her listeners,and Jack Paar in his long tenure on the“Tonight”show frequently wheedled the audiences sympathy with tearful complaints abo
47、ut his personal woes.,Part2_T7,Part2_T8,Who can forget his lachrymose return from exile after National Broadcasting Company suspended him?Jabbing at his various enemies,he had a special riposte for Walter Winchell,who,he said,had defamed him and even questioned his virility.“As a moral man,”Paar dec
48、laimed,“only my wife knows about my virility,”and with this touching domestic vignette he routed the foe from his heart.Even more symbolic of the new age was Ed Murrows“Person to Person.”In its seven years more than 550 men and women welcomed this programs million viewers into their homes.They inclu
49、ded four Cabinet members,two Supreme Court justices,three college presidents,three bishops,many visiting heads of government,foreign diplomats of highest rank,governors and mayors,Congressmen and judges,generals and admirals,one ex-President and one ex-King of England.“It was very rare of people to
50、refuse on the grounds that it was an invasion of their privacy,”says Jesse Zousmer,former producer of the show.“It became a question of prestige to be on it sort of like being invited to the White House.”While TV programs thus invaded the privacy of men and women as a whole,TV commercials have gone
