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1、语法复习-句子成分及练习,对句子的认识,1.词类名词-表示人或事物的名称形容词-表示人或事物的特征副词-修饰动词、形容词、或其他副词动词-表示动作或状态代词-代替名词、数词数词-表示数量或顺序冠词-限制名词的意义介词-表示名词、代词和其他词的关系连词-连接词与词或句与句感叹词-表示说话时的感情或语气,Parts of Speach,英语句子的种类,简单句(simple sentence),并列句(compound sentence),复合句(complex sentence),简单句的五种基本句型,英语五种基本句型列式如下：基本句型一：（主谓）基本句型二：（主系表）基本句型三：（主谓宾）基本句
2、型四：（主谓间宾直宾）基本句型五：（主谓宾宾补）,基本句型一 主谓（S+V）,S+VShe cooks.He is working.What he said does not matter.The pen writes smoothly.,基本句型一 主谓,基本句型二 主系表,S+V+PHe is happy.Every thing looks nice.His face turned red.,基本句型二 主系表,基本句型三 主谓宾,S+V+OWe study English everyday.They are playing football.He enjoys reading.She s
3、aid“Good morning.”,基本句型三 主谓宾,基本句型四,SV（及物）O（多指人）O（多指物）I give him a book.My mother bought me a pen yesterday.I showed him my picture.,基本句型四,基本句型五,S+V（及物）+O(宾语)+C（宾补）We must keep the door open.The news makes me happy.We call him Jim.He told me to wash the plates.I saw a thief going into your room.,基本句型
4、五,一、句子成分,（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。,二）主语：,主语(Subject)表示句子说的是什么人或什么事.是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：,1.During the 1990s,American country music has become more and mor
5、e popular.2.We often speak English in class.3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health.6.The rich should help the poor.,（名词）,（代词）,（数词）,（不定式）,（动名词）,（名词化的形容词）,7.When we are going to have an English test has not been
6、decided.8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.,（主语从句）,（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）,（三）谓语,谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.The plane took off at ten oclock.,（三）谓语,2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for tw
7、o weeks.（2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成(随谓语动词的时态而改变）。如：Do you speak English？They are working in a field.He has caught a bad cold.（3）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。,（四）表语,表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及
8、表语从句表示。例如：,1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）2.Is it yours?（代词）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）4.The speech is exciting.（分词）5.Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）,6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语）9.Time is
9、 up.The class is over.（副词）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）,注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。,1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher.2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：He always kept silent at meeting.The passengers remained stuck at the ai
10、rport due to the bad weather3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：He seems(to be)very sad.,注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。,4）感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：The river was beginnin
11、g to run dry.6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turn out,表达结果是;证明是，之意，例如：The rumor proved false.His plan turned out a success.,（五）宾语,宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have?I have five.,（
12、名词）,（代词、动名词）,（名词、数词）,4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.,（名词化形容词，名词）,（不定式短语）,（动名词短语）,（宾语从句）,宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,sen
13、d,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：He sent the novel to William yesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：She bought a gift for her mother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.,下列动词只能接不定式做宾语 ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail
14、,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：He refused to lend me his bike.,下列动词只能接动名词做宾语 admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：John has admitted breaking the window.,下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如mean,try,reme
15、mber,forget,regret等。forget to do表示“未发生的动作”，forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如：Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来)I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了),（六）宾语补足语,宾语补足语（Object Complement），用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach，ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容
16、词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：,1.His father named him Xiaoming.2.They painted their boat white.3.Let the fresh air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5.We saw her entering the room.6.We found everything in the lab in good order.7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.,（名词）,（形容词
17、）,（副词）,（不定式短语）,（现在分词）,（介词短语）,（从句）,（七）定语,修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）2.China is a developing country;America is a developed country.（分词）3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）,5.Our mon
18、itor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）8.She is the girl who sings best in my class.(定语从句),（八）状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示：1.Light tra
19、vels most quickly.2.He has lived in the city for ten years.3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.,（副词及副词性词组）,（介词短语）,（不定式短语）,4.He is in the room making a model plane.5.Wait a minute.6.Once you begin,you must continue.Wait a moment.时间I couldnt move a step further.距离You
20、 can do it this way.方式The room measures five metres across.度量,（分词短语）,（名词）,（状语从句）,9种状语种类如下：,1.How about meeting again at six?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain.4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor.5.She put the eggs into the basket wit
21、h great care.,（时间状语）,（原因状语）,（条件状语）,（地点状语）,（方式状语）,She came in with a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.8.She works very hard though she is old.9.I am taller than he is.,（伴随状语）,（目的状语）,（结果状语）,（让步状语）,（比较状语）,
22、（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：This is Mr.Zhou,our headmaster.（十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest,I think(suppose,believe-)等，如：To be frank,I dont quite agree with you.,练习,一.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.The students got on the school bus.2.He handed me the newspaper.3.I shal
23、l answer your question after class.4.What a beautiful Chinese painting!5.They went hunting together early in the morning.,6.His job is to train swimmers.7.He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8.There is going to be an American film tonight.9.He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10.His wish
24、is to become a scientist.11.He managed to finish the work in time.12.Tom came to ask me for advice.13.He found it important to master English.,14.Do you have anything else to say?15.To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good.16.Would you please tell me your address?17.He sat there,reading a news
25、paper.18.It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19.He noticed a man enter the room.20.The apples tasted sweet.,四、选择填空：,()1._ will leave for Beijing.A.Now there the man B.The man here nowC.The man who is here now D.The man is here now()2.The weather _.A.wet and cold B.is wet and coldC.no
26、t wet and coldD.were wet and cold()3.The apple tasted _.A.sweets B.sweetly C.nicely D.sweet,()4.He got up _ yesterday morning.A.lately B.late C.latest D.latter()5.The actor _at the age of 70.A.dead B.died C.dyed D.dying()6._ were all very tired,but none of _ would stop to take a rest.A.We,us B.Us,we
27、 C.We,our D.We,we,()7.He found the street much _.A.crowd B.crowding C.crowded D.crowdedly()8.I think _necessary to learn English well.A.its B.it C.that D.that is,()9.The dog _ mad.A.looks B.is looked C.is being looked D.was looked()10.I will never forget the day _ I joined the army.A.that B.when C.in which D.where,Bye-bye!,句子成分详解表,
