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1、取得英语语法成功的基石,句子成分,英语的词性：名词(nouns)n.代词(pronoun)pron.实词 数词(numeral)num.形容词(adjective)adj.或a.副词(adverb)adv.动词(verb)v 作文题目中，实词都大写，虚词要小写 介词(preposition)prep.虚词 连词(conjunction)conj.冠词(article)art,一.英语句子的基本成分有8种：,主语(subject)-s谓语(predicate)-v宾语(object)-o定语(attribute)-attrib状语(adverbial)-adv补语(complement)-c表语
2、(predicative)-p同位语(Appositive),一、主语,主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。主语一般位于_。,1.Lucy likes her new bike.2.We work hard.3.To learn a foreign language is not easy.4.Playing football after school is great fun.,句首,1.We love China.2.She seems tired.3.He can speak English 4.We have finished reading this book.,二、谓语,谓
3、语:说明主语做什么或怎么样。通常由_ 充当.动词常分为实义动词,连系动词,情态动词和助动词.,动词,实义动词连系动词情态动词助动词,（V.）,情态动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语,必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语.,They can speak English well.They are playing over there.,1）状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有be（am,is,are,was,were,been,being）一词 He is a teacher.2）持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay He always kept sil
4、ent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。,系动词,3）表像系动词，用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：He looks tired.He seems(to be)very sad.4）感官系动词，主要有feel,smell,sound,tasteThis flower smells very sweet.,5）变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,comeHe became mad after that.6）终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turn outThe rumor
5、 proved false.这谣言证实有假。His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。,三、宾语,宾语：动作行为的对象，说明主语做什么。一般放在_或_后面.,1.We study English.2.Our teacher said that he would go there.3.He is looking at the dog.,双宾语：指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语。He gave me two books.,及物动词,介词,表语：跟在连系动词后面的词语或从句,用来说明主语的身份,特征,状态.,The trees turn green.The f
6、lowers are beautiful.My job is to teach you English.The question is how we can get there.,四、表语,定语：用来修饰限定_.,This is a red car.The building is their teaching building.The woman doctor is my wife.I have something to tell you.The man in front of the gate is Mr.Li.Every student has an English book.,五、定语,
7、名词,状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明时间、地点、方式、因果、条件、让步、方向、程度、目的等。,六、状语,John often came to chat with me As he was ill,he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk,doing her homework.My father worked in this school ten years ago.Though he is young,he knows a lot.He came running.,(程度 目的),（地点 伴随）,（地点 时
8、间）,（让步）,（方式）,(原因),补语是用于补充说明主语或宾语的身份或特征。,七、补语,Everyone calls him Jack.（宾补）He is called Jack.（主补）,同位语是位于名词或代词后面的个别名词或名词词组，对前者进行补充说明The Great Wall,one of the wonders in the world,attracts a large number of foreign friends.,八、同位语,一、主语 主语可以用下面这些东西表示：1.The sun rises in the east.（）2.He likes dancing.（）3.Tw
9、o will be enough.()4.Seeing is believing.（）6.To see is to believe.（）7.When to hold the meeting has not been decided yet.()8.What he needs is a book.（）9.It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（）,名词,代词,数词,动名词,不定式,疑问词+不定式,从句,It作形式主语，that从句是真正的主语,当不定式、动名词或从句在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后
10、平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。,什么情况下用it作形式主语？,你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗?你懂得翻译下列句子吗？1)It is wrong to tell a lie.()2)It is no use arguing about it.()3)It is uncertain who will come.(),说谎是错误的。,争吵是没用的。,谁要来还不确定。,二、宾语 宾语可以用下面这些东西表示：1.She lived a happy life.()2.I love you.()3.We need two.(
11、)4.Do you mind my opening the door?()5.He began to learn English a year ago.()6.He did not know what to say.()7.Did you write down what she said?()8.She felt it her duty to take good care of them.(),名词,代词,数词,动名词,不定式,疑问词+不定式,从句,It作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语,二、表语 表语可以用下面这些东西表示：He is a teacher.()My idea is this.()
12、She was the first to arrive.()I feel much better today./I must be off now.()He is out of danger.()The news was exciting./They were excited at the news.()What surprised me most was that he spoke Chinese so well.(),名词,代词,数词,从句,形容词/副词,介词短语,分词,三、定语 定语可以用下面这些东西表示：Its a red car.()They live in the room abo
13、ve.()My brother is a teacher.()We belong to the third world.()Lucys father is a poor worker.()Mother made a birthday cake for me.()The man under the tree is my teacher.()The swimming boy is my brother./The boy swimming in the river is my brother.(),形容词,副词,代词,数词,名词所有格,名词,介词短语,现在分词,三、定语 定语可以用下面这些东西表示：
14、I liked the food cooked by my mother./Retired people have a good time at home.()There are two things to be discussed today.（）Will you tell us about your teaching plan?（）This is the very book that I need.（）,过去分词,不定式,动名词,从句,四、状语 状语可以用下面这些东西表示：He is often late for class.()We saw that picture at the cin
15、ema.()He sat there smoking.()They returned tired and hungry.（）They did everything they could to save the boys life.（）Although he is young,he knows a lot.()The box is so heavy that I cant lift it.(),副词，程度,介词短语，地点,分词，伴随,不定式，目的,形容词，状态,让步状语从句,结果状语从句,四、状语 状语可以用下面这些东西表示：While my wife was reading the newsp
16、aper,I was watching TV.（）He was angry because we were late(）If it rains tomorrow,we wont go out.(),时间状语从句,原因状语从句,条件状语从句,五、宾语补足语：I consider Jim a good friend.()I always find her happy.()People praised him as a hero.()I had the TV fixed.()I saw him entering the building.()What made you think so?()Do y
17、ou want me to go?(),形容词,名词,介词短语,过去分词,现在分词,省略掉to的不定式,不定式,I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.,主语,谓语,定语,宾语,同位语,状语,1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g.He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.,我
18、们可以给句子的动词加上副词修饰，给名词加上形容词、介词短语修饰，给句子加上状语进行修饰等，以使整个句子的意思变得更加的丰富和充实。但不管如何变，都只有一个主谓结构。He worked hard all his life.(划线部分在句中作状语，修饰动词worked)He is a school student in No.1 Middle School.(划线部分在句中作定语，修饰名词student),简单句基本句型,陈述对象+陈述内容主语+谓语谓语动词决定了一个句子的骨架结构启示：（1）分析复杂句时，先找谓语。（2）写句子时，要知道谓语动词的用法特点,二.五种简单基本句型,主语+谓语+宾语主
19、语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语,动词,系动词,不及物动词,及物动词,主语+系+表语,主语+谓语,间宾指人，直宾指物,基本句型（1）：主+系+表,表语是说明主语的，如用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，通常在系动词后。,1)My uncle is a professor.2)He looked tired.3)The basketball match is on.4)All the pupils are on the playground now.5)Our aim was to win more medals.6)His work is teaching F
20、rench.7)The question is who can really repair the machines.,1)My uncle is a professor.2)He looked tired.3)The basketball match is on.4)All the pupils are on the playground now.5)Our aim was to win more medals.6)His work is teaching French.7)The question is who can really repair the machines.,系动词：1)b
21、e，seem，appear2)look，sound，taste，smell，feel 3)get，turn，grow，become，go4)stay，remain，keep，continue,感官类,变化类,维持类,基本句型（2）主+谓：S+V,谓语动词特特点：不及物动词（本身意思完整，后面不需要宾语）,1.The sun rises.（rise-rose-risen 是vi，不能带O.）2.The red sun rises.（red修饰sun，作定语）3.The red sun rises in the east.（状语Adverbial）,Translation,1.你应当努力学习。2.
22、她昨天回家很晚。3.那天早上我们谈了很多。4.会议将持续两个小时。5.在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。,You should study hard.,She went home very late yesterday evening.,That morning we talked a great deal.,The meeting will last two hours.,Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years.,基本句型（3）主语+谓语+宾语（S.+V.+O.）该句型的谓语动词必须是
23、vt或vt的动词词组；宾语必须是名词或相当于名词的成分。,Translation1.昨晚我写了一封信。2.今天下午我想同你谈谈。3.这本书他读过多次了。4.他们成功地完成了计划。,I wrote a letter last night.,I want to talk with you this afternoon.,He has read this book many times.,They have carried out the plan successfully.,注意：带 V-ing 做宾语的动词有：suggest，advise，stop，resist，enjoy，imagine，fi
24、nish，escape,admit，excuse，delay，practise,consider，keep，mind，understand，avoid，miss，risk succeed in，be busy，be worth，be used to，give up，look forward to,注意：带 to do 做宾语的动词有：offer,learn,intend,plan,demand,ask,promise,help，prepare，decide,determine，refuse，dare，manage，wish,hope,want,expect，fail，pretend，choos
25、e,seem,expect,hope,offer,agree,refuse,learn,help,plan,intend,etc.,基本句型（4）主语+谓语+宾语+宾语（S.+V.+O.+O.）请观察：1）He brings me cookies every day.如果意思不变，也可以怎么说呢？2）He brings cookies to me every day.即要借助于介词to或for,朗读：He brings me cookies every day.He brings cookies to me every day.She made me a beautiful dress.She
26、 made a beautiful dress for me.归纳：to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。,常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask,等。（需借助for 的）buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare,等。,翻译练习：1.Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。2.奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有
27、趣的故事。3.Mary把钱包交给校长了 4.请把那本字典递给我好吗？5.他把车票给列车员看。,1.Mr Johnson taught us German last year.2.Grandma told me an interesting story last night.3.Mary handed the wallet to the schoolmaster.4.Would you please pass me the dictionary?5.He showed the ticket to the conductor.,基本句型（5）主谓宾宾补 S+Vt.+O+O.C 宾语与宾语补足语有逻
28、辑的主谓关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。宾补时补充说明宾语的。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。如：The sun keeps us warm.I heard him singing.You must get your hair cut.They made Tom monitor.,用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.,1我们叫她Alice.2我们大家都认
29、为他是诚实的。3我要你把真相告诉我。4.卫兵命令我们立即离开。5 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。6我们不会让她在晚上外出的。,We call her Alice.,All of us considered him honest.,I want you to tell me the truth.,The guards ordered us to leave at once.,Every morning we hear him read English aloud.,We wont let her go out at night.,translation,根据所学知识，分析句子结构1.They
30、 work hard.主+谓2.The flower is dead.主+系+表3.Plants need water.主+谓+宾4.He gives me some seeds.主+谓+直宾+间宾5.We should keep the plants in the shade.主+谓+宾+宾补6.Many animals live in trees.主+谓,7.He kept me a dictionary.主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语8.Shall I leave you the camera?主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语9.We find the book very interesting.
31、主+谓+宾+宾补10.My uncle bought me an e-dictionary.主+谓+间接宾语+直宾11.Singing makes me happy.主+谓+宾+宾补12.Daming calls his cat Mimi.主+谓+宾+宾补13.Youmustlistentoher.主+谓+宾14.Heisascientist.主+系+表,并列句,用分号或并列连词把两个或几个简单句连接起来的句子。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。,用分号：We fished all day;we didnt catch a thing.,用并列连词（如an
32、d、but、so、yet等）We fished all day,but we didnt catch a thing.,句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句,并列句的分类,1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and,not onlybut also,neithernor,then等连接。e.g.The teachers name is Smith,and the students name is John.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or,eitheror,otherwise等。e.g.Hurry up,or youll miss the train.,3、表示转折，常用的连词有but,still,yet,
33、while,when等。e.g.He was a little man with thick glasses,but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so,for,等。e.g.August is the time of the year for rive harvest,so every day I work from dawn until dark.,Exercise:请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。,He was tired,so he went
34、to bed.,1.He was tired.He went to bed.,2.The child didnt go out.He was afraid of the dog.,3.He made a promise.He didnt keep it.,He made a promise,but He didnt keep it.,The child didnt go out,because he was afraid of the dog.,由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子,中间用从属连词连接。主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，
35、不能独立存在。复合句=主句+从属连词+从句；,复合句,从属连词+从句+主句,复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句等。e.g.The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great WallThis is the book that I want.I think that he is right.,Exercises 判断句型,1.Having finished his homework,the boy went on to help his mother.2.Wh
36、at he says doesnt suit what he does.,(简单句划线部分在句中作状语，修饰整个句子),(复合句包含两个名词性从句：What he says 是一个主语从句；what he does 是一个宾语从句),3.We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.4.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.5.There is a chair in this room,isnt there?,简单句,复合句,简单句,9.Neither has he changed his mind,nor will he do so.10.What he said at the meeting is very important,isnt it?11.The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.12.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.,并列句,复合句,简单句,简单句,
