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1、LECTURES ON STYLISTICS,Lecture OneIntroduction,Course Plan,Lecture 1:IntroductionLecture 2:History and developmentLecture 3:Phonological level Lecture 4:Lexical level Lecture 5:Syntactic levelLecture 6:Semantic levelLecture 7:Textual levelLecture 8:Graphological level,Course Plan,Lecture 9:Three vie
2、ws on styleLecture 10:Stylistic analysis of varieties of English(news report)Lecture 11:Stylistic analysis of varieties of English(advertisement)Lecture 12:Stylistic analysis of varieties of English(public speech)Lecture 13:Stylistic analysis of varieties of English(internet)Lecture 14:Stylistic ana
3、lysis of varieties of English(novel)Lecture 15:Stylistic analysis of varieties of English(poem),Course grades:Attendance and class performance:50%Final paper:50%Teaching mode:Lecture+presentation+discussion,Reference books:Crystal,D.,and D.Davy,Investigating English Style,Longman,1969.Geoffrey N.Lee
4、ch,Michael H.Short,Style in Fiction:A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose,Longman,1981.Laura Wright,Jonathan Hope,Stylistics:A Practical Coursebook,Routledge,1996.Thornborrow,J.,and S.Wareing,Patterns in Language:Stylistics for Students of Language and Literature,Routledge,2000.,侯维瑞，文
5、学文体学，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2008。胡壮麟，理论文体学，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999。胡壮麟、刘世生，西方文体学辞典，北京：清华大学出版社，2004。刘世生，西方文体学论纲，济南：山东教育出版社，1998。刘世生、朱瑞青，文体学概论，北京：北京大学出版社，2006。秦秀白，实用文体学教程，长沙：湖南教育出版社,1986。秦秀白，英语语体和问题要略，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001。,张德禄,功能文体学,济南:山东教育出版社,1998。徐有志，英语文体学教程，北京：高等教育出版社，2005。王守元、郭鸿、苗兴伟，文体学研究在中国的进展,上海：上海外语教育出版社，2004。王佐
6、良、丁望道，英语文体学引论，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1987。钱瑗，实用英语文体学，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2006。申丹，西方文体学的新发展 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2008。学习网址：Language and Style 课件 by Short,Lecture 1:Introduction,1.Definition of stylistics2.Definition of style3.Types of Stylistics4.Purposes of Stylistics,Introduction,Questions1.How do you define stylistics?2
7、.What factors contribute to the shaping of stylistics?3.What are the purposes or goals of stylistics?,What is stylistics?,Definition of stylistics,1.A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of situationally-distinctive uses of language,with particular reference to literary language,
8、and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language.(The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought,1977,2nd Ed.,1988),Definition of stylistics,2.Qian Yuans definition(2006:1):Stylistics is a branch of linguistic
9、s which applies the theory and methodology of modern linguistics to the study of style.3.Xu Youzhis definition(2005:2):Stylistics is a discipline that studies the ways in which language is used;it is a discipline that studies the styles of language in use.,Definition of stylistics,4.Leechs definitio
10、n(1969:1,2):the study of the use of language in literature,a meeting-ground of linguistics and literary study5.Widdowson(1975:3):By stylistics,I mean the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation and I shall take the view that what distinguishes stylistics from literary criticism on
11、the one hand and linguistics on the other is that it is essentially a means of linking the two.,Definition of stylistics,6.Wales definition:The study of style;just as style can be viewed in several ways,so there are several different stylistic approaches.This variety in stylistics is due to the main
12、 influences of linguistics and literary criticism.By far the most common kind of material studied is literary;and attention is largely text-centered.,What is your definition of style?,Definition of style,By its definition in dictionaries,the word style has three aspects of meaning:The manner of expr
13、ession in writing or speaking,which changes at all time according to the actual situational elements,e.g.,the participant,time,place,topic,etc.of the communicative event,from very formal to very informal,Definition of style,2.The register语域,which refers to the special variety of language used by a p
14、articular social group that may have a common profession,e.g.,doctors,lawyers,teachers,or the same interests,e.g.,football fans,etc,Definition of style,3.The set of linguistic features that seem to be characteristic of a text,e.g.,the style of Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice,or of an author,e.g.,Mi
15、ltonic style,Definition of style,There are diverse meanings of the word“style”:Lucas(1974):The origin of the word is“stylus”,a Latin word for“pen”.The word extended its meaning to“a way of writing”,then became further refined to mean“a good way of writing”.Style can mean“a deliberately cultivated,in
16、dividual,peculiar style of ones own”.Eg:Hemingways style the style of Henry James,Definition of style,2.French author de Buffon:Style is the man himself.3.Jonathan Swift(the 18th c)defined style as“proper words in proper places”.,Definition of style,4.Wales(1989):style is a“way you have of doing thi
17、ngs”.In its general sense:style is“variation in language use”;while in its narrow definition,style is“the set or sum of linguistics features that seem to be characteristic,whether of register语域,genre or period”.,Definition of style,5.Four senses of style by D.Crystal and D.Davy:1)some or all the lan
18、guage habits of a person,his selection of language habits.e.g.Shakespeares style;2)some or all the language habits shared by a group of people at one time,or over a period of time.e.g.the style of Old English heroic poetry3)the effectiveness of a mode of expression(a more restricted meaning in evalu
19、ative sense).“saying the right thing in the most effective way.”eg:His writing lacks style.,Definition of style,4)in its evaluative and descriptive sense,it has been associated with literature as a characteristic of good,effective or beautiful writing.6.Leechs definition:In a broad sense,style can b
20、e applied to both spoken and written,both literary and non-literary varieties of language.In a traditional sense,style is particularly associated with written literary texts.,Definition of style,7.Liu Shishengs collection(1998:9-10):1)Style as rhetoric(Gorgias)2)Style as form(Aristotle)3)Style as el
21、oquence(Cicero)4)Style as proper words in proper places(Swift)5)Style is the man.(Buffon)6)Style as personal idiosyncrasy气质，习性，癖好(Murry)7)Style as technique of exposition(Murry)8)Style as the highest achievement of literature(Murry),9)Style is saying the right thing in the most effective way(Enkvist
22、)10)Style as a shell surrounding a preexisting core of thought or expression(Enkvist)11)Style as the choice between alternative expression(Enkvist)12)Style as a set of collective characteristics(Enkvist)13)Style as those relations among linguistic entities that are stable in terms of wider spans of
23、text than the sentences(Enkvist),Definition of style,14)Style as equivalence(Jakobson)15)Style as function(The Prague School)16)Style as foregrounding(Mukarovsky)17)Style as deviation(Spitzer)18)Style as transformation(Ohmann)19)Style as meaning potential(Halliday)20)Style as expressiveness(Ullman)2
24、1)Style as prominence(Halliday),22)Style as formal over-determination多元决定(Riffaterre)23)Style as depth(Darbysgire)24)Style as the linguistic features that communicate emotions and thought(Murry)25)Style as the variety of language restricted by the context(Enkvist)26)Style as a choice among the non-d
25、istinctive features of language(Bloomfield)27)Style is a superfluous多余的term that has no difference from form or expression(Croce),28)Style is not the heritage of expression,but that of a quoting process,a set of patterns,a memory,a culture(Barthes)29)Style in one sense is synonymous with language(Wa
26、les)30)Style as the selection of features partly determined by the demands of genre,form,theme,etc.(Wales),Discussion:Why are there so many different ways to define style?What does this show?Generations of stylists have given different definitions which enriched the concept so much that the issue of
27、 style becomes more and more complex.No one definition is generally acknowledged,which shows the difficulty in giving an exact definition of it.,What makes it difficult to define style?There have been many views of style,which is based on many general views of language.Scholars have many different p
28、urposes in their stylistic practices,their views of style focus on different aspect of language,reflect the stages of mans interest in language and the development of linguistics.Comment on themTry to classify them into different groups.,Lui Shisheng(2006)Definitions of 4,6,9,10,11and 12 are based o
29、n traditional linguistic theoryDefinitions of 14,15,16,17,18 and19 are based on structural linguistic theoryDefinitions of 12 and 20 are based on systemic functional linguistic theories,秦秀白（2002）classified definitions of style into 7 categories:表达方式说 Style is saying the right thing in the most effec
30、tive way(Enkvist)2.外衣说 Style is the dress of thought(Philip)Style as a shell surrounding a preexisting core of thought or expression(Enkvist),3.行为方式说 Style is the man.(Buffon)4.选择说 Style as a choice among the non-distinctive features of language(Bloomfield)Style as the selection of features partly d
31、etermined by the demands of genre,form,theme,etc.(Wales)5.社会情景制约说 Style as the variety of language restricted by the context(Enkvist),6.语言成分排列说 Style as those relations among linguistic entities that are stable in terms of wider spans of text than the sentences(Enkvist)7.偏离说 Style as deviation(Spitz
32、er)Style as foregrounding(Mukarovsky),Types of Stylistics,Two kinds of Stylistics:General Stylistics 普通文体学Literary Stylistics 文学文体学General Stylistics:a study of various styles,including literary style;a study of different varieties of English;a general survey of English varieties,or a general survey
33、 of the English language.,Types of Stylistics,Literary Stylistics is a linguistic approach to the study of literary texts.(Short,1989)The Three key concepts are:1.to use linguistics to study literary texts,2.to discuss the texts according to objective criteria rather than subjective and impressionis
34、tic values,3.to emphasize on the aesthetic properties of language.,The linguistic approach to literature is an application of linguistic theory and methodology to literary texts.It established an intimate relationship between language study and literary appreciation.Pure linguistics aims to make fin
35、e analysis of the linguistic form of a text,often neglecting its aesthetic effect or artistic value.Traditional literary criticism concerns itself with social,moral or political evaluations of a literary work,often neglecting its linguistic form.,The linguistic approach to literature is the meeting
36、ground of linguistics and literary criticism.It is part of applied linguistics and a type of practical criticism.,Its general process suggested by Leech(1981)：Literary Appreciation Seeking aesthetic-A B-Seeking linguistic function evidence Linguistic description A process is used to find out what ef
37、fect a linguistic pattern is to produce.B process is used to discover through what linguistic means the author has achieved certain effect.,The text is always the focus and the key to success is a close study of lexical,syntactic,rhetorical and stylistic traits.This approach uses the theory and meth
38、odology of linguistics,grammar,rhetoric,stylistics,literary criticism and other areas.It is not a panacea(灵丹妙药)which can offer complete explanation of text,but rather a useful tool which can provide some of the things that the critic looks for to confirm his judgments.,Purposes of Stylistics,Crystal
39、 and Davy:1.to analyze language habits with the main purpose of identifying those features that are restricted to certain kinds of social context;2.to explain why such features have been used,as opposed to others;3.to clarify these features into categories,based on a view of their function in the so
40、cial content.,Purposes of Stylistics,Leech:The goal of literary stylistics is to explain the relation between language and artistic function,i e.to relate the critics concern of aesthetic appreciation(How is such-and-such an aesthetic effect achieved through language?),with linguists concern of ling
41、uistic description(Why does the author here choose to express himself in this particular way?).,Purposes of Stylistics,Two possible goals of stylistic inquiry:(Halliday,1983)1.to show why and how the text means what it does.2.to show why the text is valued as it is.A stylistic analysis involves 3 pr
42、ocedures:1.description2.interpretation3.evaluation,Purposes of Stylistics,WalesThe goal of most stylistics is not simply to describe the formal features of texts for their own sake,but in order to show their functional significance for the interpretation of the text;or in order to relate literary ef
43、fects to literary causes where theses are felt or be relevant.,Purposes of Stylistics,Stylisticians want to avoid vague and impressionistic judgments about the way that formal features are manipulated.As a result,stylistics draws on the models and terminology provided by whatever aspects of linguist
44、ics are felt to be relevant.(1989:A Dictionary of Stylistics),Purposes of stylistics,Four purposes by Liu Shisheng(1998)To account for the general features of languageTo be used to do aesthetic studies.To provide a base for the application of linguistic theoriesTo serve the purpose of teaching and l
45、earning foreign languages,Purposes of studying stylistics,DiscussionWhat is your purpose of studying stylistics?1.to develop an awareness of the varieties of English language2.to learn different functions of linguistic features;3.to learn how to use proper language in different situations.,eg:干杯on a
46、 grand occasion:Now allow me to propose a toast to.on a common occasion:Heres to the health of our friends!on a casual occasion:Cheers!Bottoms up!,Three benefits of studying stylistics,1.in teaching and learning English for general purposes,2.in teaching and learning English for specific purposes,3.in teaching and learning translation.,Reading:刘世生，西方文体学论纲 chapter 1王守元,英语文体学要略 chapter 1钱瑗，实用英语文体学 chapter 1,
