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1、非谓语动词,在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。1）不定式时态语态 主动被动一般式to do to be done 完成式 to have doneto have been done2）动名词时态语态 主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done3）分词时态语态 主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done 否定形式：not+不定式，not/no+动名词，not+现在分词,动词
2、不定式,1）作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To lose your heart means failure.动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.,动词不定式,2）作表语：Her job is to clean the hall.He appears to have caught a cold.,
3、5）作定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：动宾关系：I have a meeting to attend.注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.如果不定式修饰time,place,way，可以省略介词：He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out this problem.说明所修饰名词的内容：We have
4、made a plan to finish the work.序数词和最高级后用不定式做定语：He is the first to get here.,动词不定式,做状语表目的：He worked day and night to get the money.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.表结果：He arrived late to find the train gone.常用only放在不定式前表示强调：I visited him only to find him out.表原因：They were very sad to hear the
5、 news.表程度：Its too dark for us to see anything.The question is simple for him to answer.,非谓语动词做题四步分析,一、分析句子结构,1._many times,but he still couldnt understand it.,2._many times,he still couldnt understand it.,A.Having been told B.Told C.He was told D.Though he had been told,C,_,A,4.If you _to the left,y
6、oull find the post office.,5._to the left,and youll find the post office.,A.Turning B.To turn C.Turn D.Turned,3._to the left,youll find the post office.,A,_,C,C,二、分析逻辑主语,非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致。若不一致，则须加上自己的逻辑主语,1._no buses,we have to walk home,2._Sunday,I sh
7、all have a quiet day at home.,There being B.It were C.There were D.It being,_,A,D,_,三、分析语态,分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。,1._from space,the earth looks blue.,2._from space,we can see the earth is blue.,Seen B.Seeing C.To see D.See,_,A,_,B,3.The dirty clothes _,the girl hung them up out
8、side.,4._ the dirty clothes,the girl hung them up outside.,was washed B.washed C.were washed D.having washed,_,B,_,D,四、分析时态,1.The building _now will be a restaurant.,2.The building _ next year will be a restaurant.,3.The building _last year is a restaurant.,A.having been built B.to be built C.being
9、built D.built,_,C,_,B,_,D,1.He stood there_for his mother.,2._for two hours,he went away.,waiting B.to wait C.waited D.Having waited,A,D,巩固练习:,1._wont be of much help.,A.Toms going B.Tom goingC.Tom to go D.Tom goes,A,2.They managed _the meeting room before the guests arrived.,A.finishing to clean B.
10、finishing cleaningC.to finish cleaning D.to finish to clean,C,3.We must find a room big enough _.,for all of us to live B.for all of us to live inC.to live in all of us D.of all of us to live,B,4._a teacher,I should set a good example to students.,Being B.Having been C.To be D.As I being,A,5._a teac
11、her,one must first be their pupil.,A.Being B.Having been C.To be D.To have been,A,6.It was stupid _ your advice.,for me not to take B.for me not takingC.of me not to take D.of me not taking,C,Its no use/good+doing sth.,不用to do sth.,辨别：Its no use to tell him about that.(wrong)Its no use telling him a
12、bout that.（right),动词不定式作宾语补足语,2使役动词let,have,make及感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,feel等要以不带to的不定式作宾补。Lets have a rest.我们休息一会吧。I saw him come in.我看见他进来了。感官动词后既可跟不带to的不定式作宾补，也可跟v-ing作宾补，前者表示动作的全部过程已结束；后者表示动作正在进行。I saw him come downstairs.我看见他下了楼。（说明他下楼了这件事）I saw him coming downstairs.我看见他在下楼。（说明他下楼时的情景）,注 意,
13、动词不定式作宾语的注意事项（2点）,1有些动词既可跟不定式作宾语，也可跟动名词作宾语，但含义不同：remember to do 记住要做某事；remember doing 记得曾经做过某事 forget to do忘记要做某事 forget doing 忘记曾经做过某事 stop to do 停下来去做某事 stop doing 停止做某事 go on to do 继续做另一件事 go on doing 继续做原来在做的事 I remember seeing you somewhere before.我记得以前在哪儿见过你。Please remember to turn off the lig
14、ht when you leave.离开时请记得关好灯。,动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组,1stop to dostop doing2 forget to do forget doing3remember to doremember doing4 regret to do(要做)regret doing(已做)5cease to do cease doing6 try to dotry doing7go on to do go on doing8 afraid to do不敢 afraid of doing 生怕9 mean to do mean doing,4 regret doing/
15、to doregret to do 对要做的事遗憾。(未做)regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。(已做)I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。I dont regret telling her what I thought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。典型例题-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.-Well,now I regret _ that.A.to do B.to be doing C.to have
16、 done D.having done答案：D。regret having done sth.对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth.对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的,7.be afraid doing/to dobe afraid to do不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为“怕”；be afraid of doing担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的，意为“生怕，恐怕”。She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a
17、 snake.她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。,9.mean to doing/to do mean to do 打算、想mean doing意味着 I mean to go,but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.赠加工资意味着增加购买力。,英语中有
18、些及物动词后只能跟不定式作宾语：,want,hope,wish,expect,plan,demand,dare,need,offer,prepare,afford,manage,know,learn,agree,decide,determine,只能跟不定式作宾语,promise,refuse,fail,attempt,beg,care,choose,claim,consent,decline,long,learn,seek,tend,threaten,undertake,volunteer,apply,fear,swear,只能用动名词的动词,admit 承认；excuse 原谅；postp
19、one 拖延；anticipate 期望；fancy 想象practise 练习；appreciate 欣赏；finish 完成；prevent 防止；avoid 避免；forbid 禁止；propose 建议；consider 考虑；forgive 宽恕；recollect 回忆；understand 理解；escape 逃避；permit 允许,只能用动名词的动词,delay 耽搁；imagine 想象；resent 厌恶；deny 否认；involve 涉及；resist 抵制；detest 厌恶；keep 保留；risk 冒险；dislike 讨厌；mind 在意；save 挽救；dr
20、ead 害怕；miss 错过；suggest 建议；enjoy 喜欢；pardon 原谅；,非谓语动词综合练习,1.Saying always has less difficulty than _.A.done B.doing C.to doD.having done2.Although swimming is his favorite sport,yet he doesnt like _ today.A.to swimB.swimming C.swimD.to have swim3.She said she was sorry _ the train,so she had to stay h
21、ere for another day.A.missing B.having missed C.to miss D.to have missed4._ the same mistake again made his parents very angry.A.His being madeB.He has madeC.He had makingD.His making5.Youd better not have the lights _ all day long.A.burning B.burnedC.to burn D.being burnt,6.It is _ thinking about i
22、t now.A.of no use B.not useC.no useD.not of any uses7.-Would you like to sing a song for us?-_.A.I prefer not B.I prefer not toC.I prefer to not D.I wouldnt prefer8.During the next ten years,she had to work hard _ for the necklace.A.paying B.to payC.for paying D.in order to paying9.Janet was angry a
23、t _.A.my not waiting for herB.I didnt wait for herC.me not wait for her D.me to not wait for her10.Please get someone _ the washing machine.I want to get it _as soon as possible.A.to repair；to be repairedB.repair；repairedC.to repair；repairing D.to repair；repaired,11._ more time,he could have done th
24、e work much better.A.To be givenB.To giveC.Given D.Giving12.Jessie was sick _ such noise.A.of hearingB.to hearC.of being heardD.heard13._,he left the room.A.Finishing the work B.Had finished the workC.After finished the workD.Having finished the work14.The machine requires _,so the workers are requi
25、red _ ready.A.repair；to getB.repairing；to getC.repairing；gettingD.to be repaired；getting15.Would you like Helen _ you since you have some difficulty?A.helping B.to helpC.has helpedD.help,16.He is beginning _ his mistakes.A.correctB.to correctC.correctingD.corrected17.My wish is _ the people well in
26、the future.A.to serve for B.to serveC.servingD.serving for18.The poor boy,_ with extraordinary strength,_ from the ground.A.filled；roseB.filling；roseC.full；raisedD.filled；risen19.He advised _ a meeting _ the problem.A.holding；to discussB.holding；for discussingC.to hold；to discussD.hold；discussing20.
27、_ the teacher,and he will tell you the answer.A.AskingB.AskC.If askD.If you ask,21.He was made _ working because of his poor health.A.stoppingB.to stop C.stopped D.stop22.Do you consider it any good _ again?A.to tryB.tryC.tryingD.for you to try23.I regret _ you that we are unable to offer you a job.
28、A.informingB.having informedC.to inform D.to informing24.She admitted _ the key.A.being takingB.to takeC.having takenD.to have taken25.Besides _,she is kind and tender.A.beautiful B.being beautifulC.she beautiful D.is beautiful,26.I wondered whether the movie was _ worth _.A.very；seeing B.well；being
29、 seenC.very；being seenD.well；seeing27.The lecturer began by _ us where the island was,and went on _ about its history.A.telling；talkingB.to tell；to talkC.telling；to talkD.he told；talking28.Having finished the work,_.A.it was almost six oclockB.a postman came and delivered the evening paper and some
30、lettersC.supper had already been preparedD.we had a rest and then had supper29.On a _ morning the little match girl was found _ at the corner of the street.A.freezing；freezingB.freezing；frozenC.frozen；frozenD.frozen；freezing30.They found a _ old man _ on the ground when the door was broken open.A.dy
31、ing；lyingB.dying；liedC.dead；liedD.dead；lain,31.Who could have imagined such a sweet-tempered girl as Jane _ such a thing!A.doing B.to do C.will do D.does32.Did you hear the sound like that of a door _?A.burst B.to burst inC.burst inD.to be burst in33.I was deep in thought,so I didnt notice _.A.him t
32、o come inB.him come in C.he come inD.him coming in34.The wallet was returned to him without anything _.A.missedB.to be missedC.missing D.to miss35._ her mother had come,her face lit up.A.HearingB.Having heardC.When heardD.When she heard,36._ in white,she looks much more beautiful.A.Wearing B.Dressin
33、gC.Dressed D.Having dressed37._,the boy couldnt enter his house.A.Since the key had lost B.The key being lostC.Lost the keyD.Having lost the key38.The Arctic is considered _ the northern part of the Atlantic.A.having been B.to have beenC.to beD.being39.I am too glad _ you.A.to see B.seeingC.saw D.at
34、 seeing40.There is _ what the weather will be like.A.not knowing B.no knowingC.not know D.no known,动词时态专项复习,所谓动词时态,是指谓语动词所表示的动作发生的时间和状态.注意：学习时态关键关注时间状语 动作发生的时间有过去,现在和将来;动作发生的状态有一般性,进行性和完成性.由此构成英语中16种不同时态,如上表所示:基本时态5种(红色所示)掌握时态的用法,应从以下几点入手:)谓语构成)时间状语)一般用法)特殊用法)相关时态的区别,.一般现在时,基本用法：一般现在时表示现在经常反复发生的动作,存
35、在的状态或习惯性的动作.时间状语:usually,often,sometimes,every morning,always,regularly,now and then,occasionally,seldom,on Sundays,at present,nowadays,these days,at the moment一般用法:1.经常性或习惯性的动作 I go to work on foot every day.We always help each other.2.现在的特征，状态 及能力 He loves sports.The coat fits you well.3.普遍真理,格言警句
36、 Light travels faster than sound.Practice makes perfect.,特殊用法 1.某些表示动作起止的动词,可用一般现在时表示一个按计划,规定,安排要发生的事.如begin,be,come,go,leave,sail,start,arrive,return,end,stop,open,take off,close,fall,meet,stay,take place,happen 等Eg.Tomorrow is Monday.When does the plane take off?2.在时间状语从句,条件状语从句或让步状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般
37、将来时 If it rains tomorrow,well put off the sports meeting.I need one more stamp before my collection is completed.Even if he doesnt come this Sunday,Ill go fishing by myself.,3.特殊句型 Here/There comes our teacher.(一般现在时表正在发生的动作)It is+时间段+since.It is/has been five years since I moved here.,.现在进行时:,表示现在或
38、现在这一阶段正在进行的动作.时间状语:now,at the moment,these days,nowadays,at present 一般用法:1.说话时正发生或正进行的动作 Im giving a lecture.2.现阶段正在进行而此刻不一定正在进行的动作 Im reading a novel these days.(but I am not reading it now.)特殊用法:1.表示一个最近按计划或安排要进行的动作,限于表 示来去,开始,结束,离开，到达等瞬间意义的动词,特殊用法1：Were leaving on Friday.Ive won a holiday for two
39、 to Florida.I am taking my mom 2.在时间状语从句,条件状语从句或让步状语从句中表达将来正在进行的动作 Dont mention this when you are talking with him.If she is sleeping,dont wake her up.3.现在进行时与always,continually,constantly,all the time等副词连用表示反复或习惯性的动作,含有某种感情色彩,如赞扬,遗憾,讨厌,不满等.He is always coming late.(不满)Youre always thinking of other
40、s.(赞扬)How are you feeling today?(比How do you feel today?更为亲切),一般将来时,基本用法：表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,或将来某段时间内经常的动作与状态.时间状语:tomorrow,next week,from now on,in the future,in+时间段一般用法:1.将来的动作或状态 I shall go shopping this afternoon./He will be back in a week.2.将来经常发生的动作In a few years time,most people will go to work by
41、 car,特殊用法,.一般将来时可用来表示一种倾向或习惯性动作.eg.Oil will float on water./Crops will die without water.Whenever he has time,he will come and see me.其否定式表示“不能 没法”The machine wont work.(机器没法开动)This play wont act.(戏剧没法上演)be going to do,be to do,will/shall do 的区别前两者都可表示按计划,安排做某事.be to do 还可表命令,意愿或征求对方意见.Will/shall do
42、则侧重临时的打算.Are we to go on with the work?=Shall we?If you are to be there on time,(意愿)-you have left the light on.-Oh,sorry.Ill go and turn it off.(被告知前无打算,.一般过去时,一般用法:(表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态.(包括习惯性动作)时间状语:yesterday,last week,ago,later,in 1980 I had supper at 6:30.I wasnt at home last night.My fath
43、er often took me to visit my grandpa when he was alive.特殊用法:1.在时间状语从句,条件状语从句或让步状语从句中过去将来的动作 He said he would come if he was not busy.2.有些情况发生的时间不很清楚(无明确时间状语),但实际是过去发生的.I was glad to get your letter.What did you say?What was the final score?,.现在完成时,表示动作在过去已经完成,但对现在仍有影响.时间状语:already,yet,before,just,ev
44、er,lately,recently,often,sometimes,never,once,twice,for,since 基本用法1.不带时间状语的现在完成时表示说话之前动作已经完成,而后果和影响至今存在.I have seen the film many times.The city has taken on a new look.2.到现在为止这一时期中发生的情况(可能是多次动作的总和,也可表示状态和习惯性的动作)How many pages have covered today?She has done a lot of work for us.He has been ill for
45、a week.,3.表示一直持续到现在的状态 The conference has lasted five days.4.在时间状语从句,条件状语从句或让步状语从句中表达将来某时已经完成的动作When you have learned English,you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge.Well start at six if it has stopped raining by then.,5.特殊句型:Its the first time that have/has done.It has been/is+时间段+since.This
46、 is the best film that I have ever seen.6.短暂性动词的完成时不与时间段连用,如需连用可转化成相应的延续性动词,如diebe dead,leavebe away,come back be back,fall in love with-be in love with,marrybe married to,join be a member of/be inHe has died.,一般过去时与现在完成时的区别,一般过去时表示在过去某个时间内发生的动作，而现在完成时讲的是迄今为止的这一段时间的情况，一个影响现状的动作，无论从时间上，后果上和现在联系起来了？（现
47、在是否在这里？）？（刚才在吗？）（可能找到了）（还没找着）,过去进行时,表示过去某个时刻或时段正在进行的动作时间状语：，一般用法：1.过去某个时刻或时段正在进行的动作The teacher came in when they were talking.He was reading while she was watching TV.2.与 always,continually,constantly,all the time等副词连用表示反复或习惯性的动作,含有某种感情色彩,如赞扬,遗憾,讨厌,不满等（同现在进行时）,.过去完成时,用法：过去某时之前业已发生的动作或情况（过去的过去）时间状语：b
48、efore,after,once,until,by then end of+过去时间By the end of last year,they had treated 30,000 patients.They had finished all the work before dusk.We congratulated them on the success they had achieved.2.表希望,打算的词如hope,expect,intend,plan,mean,want,think,suppose可用过去完成时表示本打算/希望做而没做到的事.I had hoped to visit M
49、ount Tai last summer,but I was too busy.(也可表达为hoped to have visited/was hoping to visit),3 特殊句型:刚一就No sooner had+主语+done than+主语+didHardly/Scarcely had+主语+done when+主语+did.及某些虚拟语气句式.Eg:No sooner had it rained than I went home.Hardly/Scarcely had+Mr.White arrived China when+he+began to work.注意：此句型中先发
50、生的用完成时,后发生的用一般过去时用过去完成时有一个重要前提,既两个动作发生在不同时间,先发生的用完成时,但如果两个动作紧接着发生,则可都用一般过去时.After we said goodbye to our friends,we left the village.Just before I left America,I sent them a telegram.,.将来完成时,表将来某时业已发生的动作.常见状语by+将来时间.I shall have finished it before lunch.When we get there,they will have left.The new
