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1、目录,专题一 人物传记型阅读理解 专题二 故事型阅读理解 专题三 新闻报道型阅读理解 专题四 广告应用型阅读理解 专题五 文化教育型阅读理解 专题六 历史地理型阅读理解 专题七 社会生活型阅读理解 专题八 科普知识型阅读理解,高考阅读理解解题技巧,阅读理解,考纲解读,高考阅读理解要求考生在3035分钟内完成35篇不同题材、体裁的短文理解。阅读理解作为考查考生语言能力的重点，要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料。考生应能：理解主旨要义；理解文中的具体信息；作出简单判断和推理；理解文章的基本逻辑结构；理解作者的意图和态度。同时还要达到以下能力目标：,模块 3 考纲解读,(1)能够读懂生
2、词率不超过3%的短文；(2)把握短文的主要线索、时间和空间；(3)能够对短文内容作出简单以及抽象的判断；(4)理解短文的基本结构，了解重点段落、重点词 句的含义，推测作者意图，把握文章脉络。(5)熟悉掌握实用性问题的文章，如：书刊、影视、产品等方面的广告、说明、通知、社评、旅游等。,模块 3 命题分析,近几年新课标高考的阅读理解题呈现出以下特点：1体裁多样，选材新颖，话题广泛 体裁的多样化是最显著的特点，涉及记叙文、说明文、应用文和议论文，分布趋势如下：说明文一般占40%左右；记叙文占35%左右；应用文占15%左右；议论文占10%左右。考查最多的是说明文，特别是国外新科技、新发明的说明文。从选
3、材上看，涉及人物、故事、社会、文化、政治、经济、科普、新闻和广告等多种题材，特别关注当今大家都关注的热点话题，如教育、环境、道德情感、科学发现、生活经历等，比如：2010上海卷A篇是一篇人物故事，描述了一位为了,模块 3 命题分析,人与动物的和谐而努力的“大象公主”；江西卷D篇介绍的是现代科技对于人们生活的影响。山东卷A篇关注的是一个特殊的群体：糖尿病人；B篇则是介绍的商品的过渡包装给环境造成的危害；四川卷B篇向我们介绍了一款环保、经济的房子，这在节能减排、房价居高不下的今天很有现实意义，D篇是有关索马里海盗的文章；陕西卷D篇则选取了垃圾邮件的话题。这都显示了选材的广泛性、时代性和人文性。,模
4、块 3 命题分析,2语言地道，题型合理 材料都是选取原汁原味的英语文章，所选的材料均来源于实际生活，涉及的内容也是实际生活内容，强调语篇选材的真实性。在题型设计上，包括细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题和词义猜测题等几大题型，其中细节理解题保持了50%的比重，仍为考查重点，但是选项并非与文章完全对应，而是换一种表述方法，或根据“弦外之音”猜测隐含细节的理解。推理判断题呈上升趋势，主旨大意题及词义猜测题的比重基本保持稳定。,模块 3 应试点睛,一、掌握策略，战无不胜 阅读理解无论从难度还是分数所占比重都是首先应该受到学生重视的，但很多同学在做阅读理解时总是感觉时间不够用，其实同学们只要灵活处理好
5、以下几个方面的关系，这个问题便可迎刃而解：,模块 3 应试点睛,1正确处理好“快”与“准”的关系 新课标高考阅读理解一般为45篇短文，设置20道单选题，考试时间3035分钟。这就要求考生在处理阅读理解的时候既要“快”，又要“准”。也就是说，在准确把握文章整体、细节以及严密推理的基础上，尽量提高阅读速度，而不是单纯地追求阅读速度。这样对文章的理解就会非常清晰，哪些题目是自己有把握的，哪些是拿不准的，心里也就有了底。然后对自己拿不准的题目再仔细推敲，力争有所突破。,模块 3 应试点睛,2正确处理好复杂句式、生词和选择答案的关系 高考阅读的长句、难句的数量逐年增多。结构复杂、修饰语叠缀、信息容量大的
6、句子在新课标的高考试卷中频频出现，有时一个句子占几行甚至一个自然段。这就造成了理解的困难，而且也增加了考生的心理压力。为此，建议大家对这些拦路虎加以正确区分对待：与题目无关，不影响理解文章大意的，就不必浪费时间和精力；相反，那些和题目相关的长难句，我们就要首先分析其类型(是带有较多成分的简单句，还是含有多个简单句的并列句，还是含有多个从句的复合句，还是含有多个插入成分的句子)，然后理清句子成分，去除干扰成分，抓住句子主干，这样就能准确地把握句子的意义。,模块 3 应试点睛,对待生词也应该采取同样的方法，首先看看生词是否与题目、文章的大意有关，如果是题目要求所必需的，我们就要弄清楚生词所处的语境
7、，以及和上下文的联系，推测生词的含义，否则就忽略它。,模块 3 应试点睛,3正确处理好所需信息与剩余信息的关系 一篇阅读理解一般在250400词左右，通常设35题。一定会有大量的剩余信息。因此，我们在做题时，没有必要把每一句都弄得清清楚楚，只要重点理解与题目有关的信息就可以了。这就要求考生在答题时，最好先大体浏览一下文后的题目，确定主攻方向，然后带着问题阅读文章，特别要关注首尾段和首尾句，把握文章的主题和脉络，摘取有用的材料，舍弃无关的信息。然后针对测试题的要求，细心阅读与问题有关的段落、句子或词汇。,模块 3 应试点睛,4所选有据，忠实原文，避免主观 做题时，我们必须以作者的思维模式为准绳，
8、以原文提供的事实、细节和逻辑关系为自己思维活动的基准点，切忌把自己的观点和看法当作原文或作者的观点。同时，符合原文的选项是正确答案但不一定就是最佳答案，阅读题要求选的是最佳答案，有的答案从某个枝节来看是对的，但从全文来看则不是最佳的，因此，必须通盘考虑，取主要，舍枝节。,模块 3 应试点睛,二、明确步骤，战无不胜 第一步，阅读题干，明确问题。在阅读文章之前，可以通过题干对文章进行初步了解。这样，在下一步阅读时就可以针对问题直接找答案，减少了盲目性。第二步，快速掌握大意，不在细节上纠缠。在第一步的基础上迅速阅读并对文章有大致的了解。这是选出正确答案的前提。,模块 3 应试点睛,第三步，阅读问题题
9、干及其选项，在文中寻找相关的材料并预选答案。可在文中相应处做出标记，以便进一步了解并最终确定答案。第四步，带着问题略读原文，确定答案。答完所有题目后，再快速阅读一遍文章，检查各题所选答案是否正确。查看各题答案是否前后照应，与原文有无矛盾，文中是否有疏漏的重要线索。,模块 3 应试点睛,三、熟悉规律，减少失误 有时候四个选项中总有一个极易误选，很多同学感触颇深，因此，了解阅读理解题中的干扰项的特点，可以大大减少我们不必要的失误。概括起来，干扰项可分为以下三种类型：1与原文矛盾。即选项与文章内容相矛盾。这种选项的干扰性较小，只要仔细阅读就可排除。,模块 3 应试点睛,2无中生有。即选项与文章内容不
10、矛盾，但在文中没有相关信息支持，没有根据。这类选项的干扰较大。在做此类题时，切忌把自己或他人观点作为选择依据。3答非所问。选项与题目关系不大，选项没有针对题目来阐述。这类题目干扰性也较大。同学们在做此类题时，不仅要判断选项内容的正确性，还应注意选项是否针对题目。,模块 3 题型探究,【命题形式】1Which of the following statements is True(NOT True)?2Which of the questions has not been mentioned(or discussed)in the passage?3What is the reason that
11、？4What do we know about？5How did the people know the couples problem?6Why was the bike so important to the couple?,探究点一细节理解型,模块 3 题型探究,【解题策略】1掌握技巧，灵活运用(1)细心审题，直接就题找答案。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法，先从问题中抓住关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。,模块 3 题型探究,(2)变通理解，间接转述找答案。细
12、节理解题通常采用词语和句型转换的形式来取代原文中的表述，命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生，即对原句细微处做改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把A的观点说成B的观点等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键。,模块 3 题型探究,(3)多点归纳，综合事实找答案。细节理解题有时考查的并不是单一的信息，而是多处信息的整合。解答此类“综合”信息细节题时，一定要全面捕捉相关信息，进行综合分析、归纳，切忌根据“一面之词”草率地作出结论。2了解特点，对症下药(1)直接信息题 直接信息题能直接从原文中找到信息，而且选项和原文在语言表述上也没有大的变化或有时候仅仅在表达方式上
13、稍作转化。,模块 3 题型探究,【典例1】2010宁夏海南 The Birthplace is within easy walking distance of all the car parks shown on the map;nearest is Windsor Street(3 minutes walk).The House may present difficulties but the Visitors Centre,its exhibition,and the garden are accessible(可进入的)to wheelchair users.The Shakespear
14、e Coffee House(opposite the Birthplace).,模块 3 题型探究,()1.A wheelchair user may need help to enter_.Athe House Bthe garden Cthe Visitors Centre Dthe exhibition hall,【解析】A题干关键词为：wheelchair。根据选文中的“The House may present difficulties but the Visitors Centre,its exhibition,and the garden are accessible(可进入的
15、)to wheelchair users.”可知：对于轮椅使用者来说，可能进入房子有些困难，但是游客中心，展览厅还有花园都可以进入。由此可以直接得出答案。,模块 3 题型探究,(2)间接信息题 这类题目我们能够从文章中找到信息，但原文信息又不是解题所直接需要的，需要我们对原文信息进行合理地加工处理，根据信息做简单推理或鉴别。它是介于直接信息题和推理判断题之间的一种题型。【典例2】To us，the most important decision youll make is to choose the school that really fits you bestnot the one tha
16、t is the most competitive(有竞争力的)or has the best equipped rooms.,模块 3 题型探究,()2.The author thinks you should choose the college that is _.AwellequippedBcompetitiveCsuitable Dfamous,【解析】C从文中可以看出，作者认为选择学校的时候最重要的是学校要适合(fit)你，即选项C，而不是“装备最好的”或“最有竞争力的”。,模块 3 题型探究,(3)综合信息题 这类题目的信息不仅仅涉及文章的某一句话，还可能涉及文章的几句话，而且有
17、时可能散落在文章的不同地方，因此要求考生把原文所提供的信息综合起来分析，而不能“断章取义”，也不能张冠李戴。,模块 3 题型探究,【典例3】2010湖北 Third,needing to be right.It doesnt matter what the topic ispolitics,the laws of physics,or the proper way to break an eggthe point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong,for both wi
18、sh to be considered an authoritysomeone who actually knows somethingand therefore to command respect.Unfortunately,as long as parents and teens continue to assume that they know more than the other,theyll continue to fight these battles forever and never make any real progress.,模块 3 题型探究,()1.Parents
19、 and teens want to be right because they want to _.Agive orders to the other Bknow more than the other Cgain respect from the other Dget the other to behave properly,模块 3 题型探究,【解析】C 题干的关键词是want to be right because，回原文定位到该段的“Third,needing to be right”.然后接着往下看“It doesnt matter what the topic ispolitic
20、s,the laws of physics,or the proper way to break an eggthe point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong,for both wish to be,模块 3 题型探究,considered an authoritysomeone who actually knows somethingand therefore to command respect.”这句话虽然看起来很复杂，如果遇到插入语可以跳过不看，这里破折号中
21、间的内容均为插入语，将其省略，句子就会变得简单得多。又由于题干是对原因的提问，这里我们只需重点看for后面的内容，“for both wish to be considered an authority and therefore to command respect”，故答案为C。,模块 3 题型探究,(4)是非辨别型 这是一类综合事实细节题，出题形式常常是“三正一误”(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)或“三误一正”(三项错误，只有一项符合原文内容)。【典例4】2010山东 Christopher Thomas,27，was a writer by night and a teacher
22、by day when he noticed he was always tired and was losing weight fast.Diagnosed with diabetes(糖尿病)，Thomas would need to inject himself with insulin(胰岛素)three times a day for the rest of his life or risk nerve damage，blindness and even death.And if that werent bad enough，he had no health insurance.,模
23、块 3 题型探究,After a month of feeling upset，Thomas decided hed better find a way to fight back.He left Canton，Michigan for New York，got a job waiting tables，nicknamed himself the Diabetic Rockstar，and created，a free online community for diabetics and their loved onesa place where over 1,100 people share
24、 personal stories，information and resources.,模块 3 题型探究,Jason Swenckis son，Kody，was diagnosed with diabetes at six.Father and son visit the online childrens forums(论坛)together most evenings.“Kody gets so excited，writing to kids from all over，”says Swencki，one of the sites volunteers.“They know what h
25、es going through，so he doesnt feel alone.”Kody is anything but alone：Diabetes is now the seventh leading cause of death in the United States，with 24 million diagnosed cases.And more people are being diagnosed at younger ages.,模块 3 题型探究,These days，Thomass main focus is his charity(慈善机构)，Fight It，whic
26、h provides medicines and supplies to people225 to date who cant afford a diabetics huge expenses.Fightit.org has raised about$23,000in products and in cash.In May，Thomas will hold the first annual Diabetic Rockstar Festival in the Caribbean.,模块 3 题型探究,Even with a staff of 22 volunteers，Thomas often
27、devotes up to 50 hours a week to his cause，while still doing his fulltime job waiting tables.“Of the diabetes charities out there，most are putting money into finding a cure，”says Bentley Gubar，one of Rockstars original members.“But Christopher is the only person I know saying people need help now.”,
28、模块 3 题型探究,()1.Which of the following is true of Christopher Thomas?AHe needs to go to the doctor every day.BHe studies the leading cause of diabetes.CHe has a positive attitude to his disease.DHe encourages diabetics by writing articles.,模块 3 题型探究,【解析】C通读全文可知，Christopher Thomas对于自己的疾病采取了积极的态度，所以C项正确
29、。A项与Thomas would need to inject himself with insulin(胰岛素)three times a day for the rest of his life不符；B项文中未提到；D项提到的写作是Thomas的专职工作，而他在抗击糖尿病方面的志愿工作是运作Fight It 这个慈善机构。,模块 3 题型探究,(5)事实排序题 这是一类运用多项事实进行排序的事实细节题，要求根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序或者句子之间的逻辑关系，找出时间发生、发展的正确顺序。【典例5】A Russian lawyer yesterday said the countrys
30、border guards repeatedly fired on and sank the fleeing Chinese cargo vessel off Russias coast on Sunday.,模块 3 题型探究,Alexander Selentsov,a law officer in Vladivostok city,told the Interfax News Agency the Russian border guards received orders from the Federal Security Service last weekend“to open fire
31、”on New Star,the Chinese ship,to stop it from escaping Russias Nakhodka port.“The order was carried out after radio warnings，”he said.Russian officials had preciously denied border guards had fired on the ship after local media reported the incident and said severe weather caused the sinking.,模块 3 题
32、型探究,Vladivostok Daily Newsm the first newspaper to report that the ship was fired upon,said more than 500 rounds were shot at the ships bow and stern.The Russian border guards watched the ship sink for nearly 24 hours,and made no response to the crewmens cries for help,the report said.Sixteen sailor
33、s from New Star boarded two lifeboats,Russian crewmen saved one lifeboat.While the other,carrying seven Chinese and an Indonesian,was swallowed by waves.,模块 3 题型探究,()1.Which is the right order of the ship sinking?a.New Star overturned and started sinking.b.One lifeboat was swallowed by waves.c.Russi
34、an warship fired upon New Star.d.Sailors boarded two life boats.Aa c b d Bb a c d Cc a d b Dd c a b,模块 3 题型探究,【解析】C事实排序题。由文章的介绍可以看出，这些事件中：俄罗斯军舰开火发生在最前面，然后是“新星号”下沉，接下来是船员登上救生艇，最后是一艘救生艇被海水吞没。,【规律技巧提炼】在具体的解答中可采用“首尾定位法”，即先找出首先发生的事和最后发生的事，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出答案。,模块 3 题型探究,(6)数据计算题 要弄清数据间的逻辑关系，选准正确的数据进行计算，同时弄清
35、单位之间的换算关系。【典例6】2010宁夏海南 Shakespeares Birthplace and Exhibition of Shakespeares World,模块 3 题型探究,()1.How much is the admission for a family of two grownups and two children?A$9.80 B$12.00 C$14.20 D$16.40,【解析】B 题干关键词为admission。由此可知，应该去第二个表格中寻找相关的信息。根据第二个表格中Family 12.0(2 adults up to 3 children)，即是一家人(2
36、个成年人至多3个小孩)需要12.0可知答案。,模块 3 题型探究,主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中不可缺少的阅读题型之一，而且难度比较大。细分起来，主要考查学生对文章的中心思想、作者的态度以及写作意图等的理解能力。【命题形式】1考查文章的中心思想 The main idea/key point of this passage is that_.The passage is mainly about _.,探究点二主旨大意型,模块 3 题型探究,From the passage we can learn/conclude that_.Which of the following statements
37、best expresses the main idea of the passage?2考查文章标题的选择 The best title/headline for this passage is_.Which of the following is the best title?What would be the best title for the text?The title that best expresses the idea of this passage is_.,模块 3 题型探究,【解题策略】1抓住主题句，锁定文章主旨 找准主题句是关键。寻找主题句多采用浏览法(skimmi
38、ng)。主题句有可能在文章开头，或在一段的开头，也有可能在中间或末尾。在很多情况下，主题句如果在段首，其后可能有for example，first，second等信息词。主题句如果在段末，其前可能有above all，all in all等信息词。利用这些信息词，可帮助你迅速找到主题句。一般来说，文章前三句所提供的信息能够让读者了解其大,模块 3 题型探究,大致内容，而读懂每段的第一句话则有助于掌握本段的主要内容。这样做的目的不仅在于可以迅速地把握全段的大意，更重要的是，在时间紧迫的情况下，可以对一段话进行缩读、略读和扫读。2抓住段落大意，概括中心思想 寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段
39、落中心的基础上的。各段落中心的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。,模块 3 题型探究,3抓住主线和关键，归纳文章中心 分析的方法是：先弄清该文章主要讲了哪几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。了解文章的结构，把握住全篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。对这种能力的考查一般反映在文章的中心内容、文中某一段的大意或指代关系的题目中。,模块 3 题型探究,【典例1】2010四川(第四段)Candidates(申请人)will have experience of both management and research su
40、pport/technical services.Knowledge of research operations and excellent communication skills are necessary.Education to degree level is also desirable.,模块 3 题型探究,()1.What does the fourth paragraph mainly talk about?AThe technical skills of a wouldbe ROM.BThe practical experience of a wouldbe ROM.CTh
41、e personal information of a wouldbe ROM.DThe necessary requirements for a wouldbe ROM.,模块 3 题型探究,【解析】D主旨大意题。依据第四段提供的信息，申请人要有管理和技术服务的经验、研究操作的知识及极好的交际技能等可知本段主要谈及对应聘职位者的具体能力要求。,模块 3 题型探究,【典例2】2010辽宁 Too much TVwatching can harm childrens ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a colle
42、ge degree,new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children.One of the studies looked at nearly 400 northern California thirdgraders.Those with TVs in their bedrooms scored about eight points lower on math and language arts tests than children without bedroom
43、TVs.,模块 3 题型探究,A second study，looking at nearly 1,000 grownups in New Zealand,found lower education levels among 26yearolds who had watched lots of TV during childhood.But the results dont prove that TV is the cause and dont rule out that already poorly motivated youngsters(年轻人)may watch lots of TV.
44、,模块 3 题型探究,()1.What would be the best title for this text?AComputers or Television BEffects of Television on Children CStudies on TV and College Education DTelevision and Childrens Learning Habits,【解析】B主旨大意题。该文属于主题句在篇首。通读全文可知，文章主要通过两项研究分析了儿童看电视所造成的影响。文章第一段第一句话是主题句，所以B项作为标题是最佳的。,模块 3 题型探究,【规律技巧提炼】新闻报
45、道的第一段一般首先概括全文的中心，然后再详细叙述事件的发生、发展和结局，因此其第一段一般是全文的主题段。另外有些说明性或议论性文章也会开门见山地提出文章说明的中心或阐述的观点，然后再展开说明或论述。,模块 3 题型探究,【典例3】2010重庆 One morning more than thirty years ago，I entered the Track Kitchen，a restaurant where everyone from the humblest(卑微的)to the most powerful came for breakfast.I noticed an empty ch
46、air next to an elderly，unshaven man，who looked somewhat disheveled.He was wearing a wornout hat and was alone.I asked if I might join him.He agreed quietly and I sat down to have my breakfast.,模块 3 题型探究,We cautiously began a conversation and spoke about a wide range of things.We never introduced our
47、selves.I was concerned that he might have no money and not be able to afford something to eat.So as I rose to go back to the counter and buy a second cup of coffee，I asked，“May I get you something？”“A coffee would be nice.”,模块 3 题型探究,Then I bought him a cup of coffee.We talked more，and he accepted a
48、nother cup of coffee.Finally，I rose to leave，wished him well，and headed for the exit.At the door I met one of my friends.He asked，“How did you get to know Mr.Galbreath？”“Who？”“The man you were sitting with.He is chairman of the Board of Churchill Downs.”,模块 3 题型探究,I could hardly believe it.I was buy
49、ing，offering a free breakfast，and feeling pity for one of the worlds richest and most powerful men!My few minutes with Mr.Galbreath changed my life.Now I try to treat everyone with respect，no matter who I think they are，and to meet another human being with kindness and sincerity.,模块 3 题型探究,()1.What
50、is the message mainly expressed in the story?AWe should learn to be generous.BIt is honorable to help those in need.CPeople in high positions are not like what we expect.DWe should avoid judging people by their appearances.,模块 3 题型探究,【解析】D主旨大意题。该文属于主题句在篇末。根据文章最后一句Now I try to treat everyone with res
