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1、Part one 被动语态Part two 定语从句Part three 写作句式,Pandora,被动语态Passive Voice,PandoraJuly，2017,被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式,被动语态由be过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。,1)一般现在时am/is/are+done(过去分词)游客被要求不能触摸展览品。Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.2）一般过去时was/were done 我被给了十分钟决定是否接受这份工作。I was given ten minutes to decide whether I
2、 should reject the offer.1.No one person_(hold)directly responsible for completing the tasks.Is held2.They_(tell)that the number of potatoes they each peeled_(record).Were told would be recorded,追思过往,3）一般将来时 shall/will be done/is going to be done/is about to be done/is to be to done 如果工厂倒闭，人们会失去数以百计
3、的工作。Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.4）过去将来时 should/would be done/waswere going to be done waswere about to be done/waswere to be to done 那时，消息传达到后，马上被转告给了那位士兵的母亲。The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.3.If this happens,then no additional jobs_(create)
4、.Will be created4.He said he_(love)if he loves others.Would be loved,5）过去进行时 was/were being done 当我在那里的时候，召开了一场会议。A meeting was being held when I was there.6）现在进行时 am/is/are being done 那里正在建一个新的电影院。A new cinema is being built here.5.The students who were aware that they_(watch)actually tied their sh
5、oes much faster than the students who thought they were alone.Were being watched6.The trend of reading less literature is all the more regrettable because it is taking place during a period when good literature_(write).Is being written,7）现在完成时 has/have been done 所有工作都已被完成，我们准备出发了。All the preparation
6、s have been completed,and were ready to start.8）过去完成时 had been done 到去年年底，在北京一个新体育馆已经建成了。By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.7.The bicycles apparently_(forget)by their owners.Have been forgotten8.When the fires finally died out,nearly one third of Yellowstones
7、 land_(scorch).Had been scorched,9）将来完成时 shall/will have been done 这个项目将于七月前完工。The project will have been completed before July.10）过去将来完成时 should/would have been done 那时，他告诉我，他的新衣服很快就要做好了。He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.9.By the end of next year,many more high-rises_(b
8、uild)around here.will have been built 10.He said that if the reform process was easy,it_(do)decades ago.would have been done,11）不定式中的被动语态 to be done 在佛罗里达（Florida）北部发现了大量的这种树。This type of tree used to be found in abundance in the northern part of Florida.12）动名词中的被动语态 being done 这个想法很快被丢弃了，而没有进一步讨论。T
9、he idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed.11.If you want_(respect),you must respect yourself.To be respected12.Everyone appreciates_(appreciate).Being appreciated,牛刀小试,请用被动语态翻译下列句子：1.奥运会将于四年后在我国举行。2.因为将会有大批大批的人造访我们国家，政府将建造新宾馆、一个巨型体育馆和一个奥林匹克标准的新游泳池。3.他们还将建造新道路和一条铁路专线。4.奥运会将在首都外围举
10、行，而那整个区域将被称为“奥林匹克城”。5.到今年年底，工人们将完成新道路的建设。6.到明年年底前，他们将完成新体育馆的施工。7.这些壮观的建筑物都是Kan设计的。8.我们都非常激动，期盼着奥运会的召开，因为在我们国家还从未举办过奥运会。,牛刀小试,请用被动语态翻译下列句子：1.奥运会将于四年后在我国举行。1.The Olympic Games will be held in our country in four years.2.因为将会有大批大批的人造访我们国家，政府将建造新宾馆、一个巨型体育馆和一个奥林匹克标准的新游泳池。2.As a great many of people will
11、visit our country,new hotels,an immense stadium,and a new Olympic standard swimming pool will be built by the government.3.他们还将建造新道路和一条铁路专线。3.New roads and a special railway line will be built as well.,牛刀小试,请用被动语态翻译下列句子：4.奥运会将在首都外围举行，而那整个区域将被称为“奥林匹克城”。4.The Olympic Games will be held outside the cap
12、ital and the whole area will be called“Olympic City”.5.到去年年底，工人们已完成新道路的建设。5.New roads had been completed by workers by the end of last year.6.到明年年底前，他们将完成新体育馆的施工。6.By the end of next year,work on the new stadium will have been finished.,牛刀小试,请用被动语态翻译下列句子：7.这些壮观的建筑物都是Kan设计的。7.These fantastic building
13、s have been designed by Kan.8.我们都非常激动，期盼着奥运会的召开，因为在我们国家还从未举办过奥运会。8.We are all very excited and are looking forward to the Olympic Games because they have never been held before in our country.,定语从句Attributive Clauses,PandoraJuly，2017,追思过往,1.定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词
14、或代词叫先行词。3.关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有when,where,why.,关系代词主语、宾语,关系代词As,1.引导限制性定语从句A.as多与such或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。B.2.引导非限制性定语从句作用相当于which，位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面、中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开。例如：As is expected,the England team won the football match.The elephants nose is l
15、ike a snake,as anybody can see.,关系副词状语,只能用that的情况,1.先行词为everything，all，little，much等不定代词时；2.先行词被all，every，no，any，some，little，much，one修饰时；3.先行词被the only，the very，the same，the last修饰时；4.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时；5.先行词是be的表语或there be 的主语时；6.先行词有人又有物时；7.当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。,不能用that的情况,1.非限定性定语从句中2.先行词本身是that
16、,釜底摸薪,请为下列句子选择恰当的关系词：as,where,who,when,that,which,whose,why,1.Natural selection would favor those antelope_could outrun a cheetah.2.Soldiers opened fire on a car_failed to stop at an army checkpoint.3.A pioneer of modern dance was Duncan,_was born in 1878.4.Thats the new machine_parts are too small
17、to be seen.5.There are times_ people will violate these maxims on purpose.6.We all had experiences_ our senses have been wrong.7.Unsuccessful people can always find reasons_they are not doing well.8._you might have guessed,glaciers generally move really slowly.,釜底摸薪,请为下列句子选择恰当的关系词：1.Natural selectio
18、n would favor those antelope_could outrun a cheetah.2.Soldiers opened fire on a car_failed to stop at an army checkpoint.3.A pioneer of modern dance was Duncan,_was born in 1878.4.Thats the new machine_parts are too small to be seen.5.There are times_ people will violate these maxims on purpose.6.We
19、 all had experiences_ our senses have been wrong.7.Unsuccessful people can always find reasons_they are not doing well.8._you might have guessed,glaciers generally move really slowly.that/which;that/which;who;whose;when;where;why;as,写作句式It is done that,PandoraJuly，2017,It is done that,1.It is estima
20、ted that.据估计，.据估计，每年药物滥用和吸毒成瘾给美国人造成超过4840亿美元的损失。It is estimated that drug abuse and drug addiction cost Americans over$484 billion annually.据估计，每年有17500种物种灭绝。It is estimated that 17,500 species are going extinct annually.,It is done that,2.It is commonly held that.人们普遍认为，.人们普遍认为，土地开垦导致了全球变暖。It is co
21、mmonly held that land clearing contributes to global warming.人们普遍认为，压力影响健康。It is commonly held that stress affects health.,It is done that,3.It is widely acceptedly that.人们普遍认为，.人们普遍认为，气候变化将破坏生态平衡。It is widely acceptedly that climate change will disrupt the ecological balance.人们普遍认为，城市化是环境恶化的根本原因。It
22、 is widely acceptedly that urbanization is the root cause of environment degradation.,It is done that,4.It is well-established that.非常肯定的是，.非常肯定的是，久坐的生活方式影响健康。It is well-established that a sedentary lifestyle is hazardous to your health.非常肯定的是,DDT等杀虫剂对野生动植物极具破坏性。It is well-established that pesticide
23、s such as DDT are ruinous to wildlife.,It is done that,5.It is a well-known fact that.,这是众所周知的事实。一些公司在动物身上进行荒唐和不必要的实验，这是众所周知的事实。It is well-known fact that some companies conduct ridiculous,unnecessary tests on animals.酗酒和吸毒成瘾导致灾难性的成果，这是众所周知的事实。It is well-known fact that alcohol and drug addiction le
24、ads to devastating results.,Practice!,请用被动语态翻译下列句子：1.地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。2.这些讯号是由外层空间的星球碰撞或者核反应所造成的。3.自然光或者“白光”实际上是由许多种颜色组成的。4.工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。5.政府是以减少技术的经费投入来增加纯理论科学的经费投入,还是相反,这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。6.进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。,作业,牛刀小试作业,请用定语从句翻译下列句子：1.在人们通常不会感到害怕的情况下，他们委婉轻易受到惊吓。2.有些人有
25、成千上万个理由不能去做自己想做的事情。3.正如我们已经指出，很少有人大获全胜或彻底失败。4.经验是一所你永远毕不了业的学校。5.领导者要比别人看得多，比别人看得远，在别人行动之前先有所预见。(并列定语从句)6.智者不为自己没有的东西伤心，而只为自己拥有的东西快乐。(双重定语从句),请用 it be done 句式翻译下列句子：1.据估计，约80%的海洋污染是由陆地上的人类活动造成的。2.人们普遍认为，博物馆属于每个人，免费为人们提供灵感和动力。3.非常肯定的是，全球变暖主要是由诸如二氧化碳等温室气体排放至大气层造成的。4.温室气体是由众多人类活动排放的各种气体造成的，这是众所周知的事实。5.人
26、们普遍认为，全球变暖是人为造成的灾难。,牛刀小试作业,牛刀小试,请用被动语态翻译下列句子：1.地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature,not by Man.2.这些讯号是由外层空间的星球碰撞或者核反应所造成的。These signals are produced by colliding stars in outer space or nuclear reactions.3.自然光或者“白光”实际上是由许多种颜色组成的。Natural light or“white”light
27、 is actually made up of many colours.,4.工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。Over the years,tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.5.政府是以减少技术的经费投入来增加纯理论科学的经费投入,还是相反,这往往取决于 把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。Whether th
28、e Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.6.进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。The decision to attack was not taken lightly.,牛刀小试,请用定语从句翻译下列句子：7.在人们通常不会感到害怕的情况下，他们往往轻易受到惊吓。They often become easily
29、frightened in situations where people normally would not be afraid.8.有些人有成千上万个理由不能去做自己想做的事情。Some men have thousands of reasons why they cannot do what they want.9.正如我们已经指出，很少有人大获全胜或彻底失败。As we have noted,few people are total winners or losers.,牛刀小试,请用定语从句翻译下列句子：10.经验是一所你永远毕不了业的学校。Experience is a scho
30、ol from which you can never graduate.11.领导者要比别人看得多，比别人看得远，在别人行动之前先有所预见。(并列定语从句)A leader is one who sees more than others,who sees farther than others,and who sees before others do.12.智者不为自己没有的东西伤心，而只为自己拥有的东西快乐。(双重定语从句)He is a wise man who does not grieve for the things which he has not,but rejoices
31、for those which he has.,请用It be done 翻译下列句子：13.据估计，约80%的海洋污染是由陆地上的人类活动造成的。It is estimated that about eighty percent of marine pollution is caused by human activities on land.14.人们普遍认为，博物馆属于每个人，免费为人们提供灵感和动力。It is commonly held that a museum should be a place where everyone is welcome,and where people
32、 can come to be inspired and energized free of charge.,15.非常肯定的是，全球变暖主要是由诸如二氧化碳等温室气体排放至大气层造成的。It is well-established that global warming is being caused largely due to emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.16.温室气体是由众多人类活动排放的各种气体造成的，这是众所周知的事实。It is a well-known fact that the greenhouse gas is caused by the emissions of different gases from a range of human activities.17.人们普遍认为，全球变暖是人为造成的灾难。It is widely acceptedly that global warming is a man-made catastrophe.,
