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1、1,The Skull,李文春 教授 Department of AnatomyHubei University of Medicine,【目的和要求】,1掌握颅的组成、脑颅和面颅各骨的名称；颅整体观的重要结构（颅底内面的主要结构，颅侧面的主要结构，眶、骨性鼻腔的形态特征，鼻旁窦的名称、位置及开口）。2熟悉脑颅和面颅各骨的形态结构。3了解新生儿颅的特征及其生后变化。,面部的年龄变化,The skull 颅,The skull contains 23 bones.The skull is divided into two parts:cerebral cranium（脑颅）and facial
2、cranium(面颅),frontal bone额骨 ethmoid bone筛骨 Unpaired sphenoid bone蝶骨 occipital bone枕骨 parietal bone顶骨 paired temporal bone颞骨,(一）The cerebral cranium,The cerebral cranium consists of eight cranial bones.,maxillae上颌骨 palatine bone 腭骨 paired zygomatic bone 颧骨 bones nasal bone 鼻骨 lacrimal bone泪骨 inferior
3、nasal conchae下鼻甲 vomer 犁骨Unpaired mandible下颌骨 bones hyoid bone 舌骨,(二）The facial cranium,The facial cranium are fifteen in number.,(二）The facial cranium,1.The mandible,2.The hyoid bone,angle of mandible,长方脸,圆脸,方脸,瓜子脸,下颌角与面型的关系按流行的分类方法，中国人的脸形可分为方脸、圆脸、长方脸、长圆脸，其中以长圆脸俗称瓜子脸最受青睐。,芳龄24岁的林小姐下颌角向外膨隆，形成一典型的国字脸
4、。这张脸要是男子汉倒能显出几分粗犷，几分威严，但却给爱美的林小姐凭添无数烦恼。,怎么办呀！,短脸、方脸通过整形可以变成漂亮的瓜子脸。,下颌角肥大矫正术,12,世界首例3D打印下颌移植手术,技术人员可根据移植患者的具体需求来设计骨骼部件的效果图，然后利用高精度的镭射枪来熔解钛粉，并将它们一层层地喷涂叠加起来，最终形成一个立体的人造骨骼部件成品。,通过3D立体打印技术制作人造骨骼对于医疗移植技术的未来发展来说是至关重要的，因为它可以贴合各种需求制作出复杂精细的骨骼或软组织构造，提高移植手术的速度和成功率。,(三）The skull as a whole 颅的整体观,1.The superior a
5、spect of the skull,coronal suture冠状缝 sagittal suture矢状缝 lambdoid suture人字缝,The skull is generally ovoid when from above,and is wider behind than in front.It formed by four cranial bones.,2.The posterior aspect of the skull,The most outstanding feature of the occipital bone is external occipital prot
6、uberance枕外隆凸.The ridge骨嵴 passing on each side laterally of the protuberance is the superior nuchal line上项线,3.The internal surface of the base of skull,It is divided into three fossa.These are the anterior,the middle and the posterior cranial fossa.,frontal crest额嵴 foramen cecum盲孔 crista galli 鸡冠 cri
7、briform plat 筛板 cribriform foramina筛孔,(1)The anterior cranial fossa 颅前窝,In the center is the hypophysial fossa 垂体窝.In front of the hypophysial fossa is the optic canal 视神经管.Lateral to the hypophysial fossa is the carotid sulcus 颈动脉沟.There are a series of foramina in the lateral portion of the middle
8、 cranial fossa:foramen rotundum 圆孔,foramen ovale 卵圆孔 foramen spinosum 棘孔,(2)The middle cranial fossa 颅中窝,It is the largest and deepest of the three cranial fossa.The lowest part of the fossa presents the foramen magnum枕骨大孔，There are hypoglossal canal 舌下神经管内口 above the anterolateral margin of the for
9、amen magnum.,(3)The posterior cranial fossa,Behind the foramen magnum,there are the internal occipital protuberance枕内隆凸,sulcus for transverse sinus横窦沟,sulcus for sigmoid sinus乙状窦沟,jugular foramen颈静脉孔.internal acoustic pore 内耳门,Foramen magnum 枕骨大孔,Sulcus for transverse sinum横窦沟,Sulcus for sigmoid sin
10、us乙状窦沟,Jugular foramen 颈静脉孔,Internal acoustic pore 内耳门,Posterior cranial fossa 颅后窝,4.The external surface of the base of skull,incisive foramen 切牙孔 greater palatine foramen腭大孔 posterior nasal apertures鼻后孔 occipital condyle 枕髁 hypoglossal canal舌下神经管外口 jugular foramen 颈静脉孔 styloid process 茎突 stylomast
11、iod foramen 茎乳孔,5.The lateral view of skull,external acoustic pore外耳门 mastoid process 乳突 zygomatic arch 颧弓 temporal fossa 颞窝 infratemporal fossa 颞下窝,pterion：in the temporal fossa,the area,where the four bones,frontal,parietal,temporal and sphenoid,is known as pterion 翼点.,(p)tirin,硬膜外血肿,26,颅内血肿微创穿刺引流
12、术,6.The front view of skull,(1)the forehead 额区 superciliary arch 眉弓,(2)the orbits 眶 orbital opening 眶口 supraorbital foramen(notch)眶上孔 infraorbital foramen眶下孔 orbital apex:optic canal 视神经管口 superior wall:lacrimal fossa泪腺窝,medial wall:lacrimal sac fossa泪囊窝,nasolacrimal canal 鼻泪管 inferior wall:infraorb
13、ital fissure 眶下裂 lateral wall:supraorbital fissure 眶上裂,(3)the bony nasal cavity nasal septem 鼻中隔 superior middle conchae甲 inferior superior middle meatus道 inferior sphenoethmoidal recess 蝶筛隐窝,(4)the paranasal sinuses 鼻旁窦,the frontal 额 sinuses,the ethmoidal 筛sinuses,the sphenoidal 蝶sinuses,the maxill
14、ary上颌 sinuses,(5)the oral cavity 骨性口腔,(四）The skull at birth（自学）,anterior fontanelle,posterior fontanelle,Question,The skull is divided into two parts:cerebral cranium and facial cranium,1What are the two parts of the skull？,frontal额骨 ethmoid筛骨 sphenoid蝶骨 occipital枕骨parietal顶骨 temporal颞骨,2What are the eight bones of the cerebral cranium？,Summary,Thank you!,Thats all for today,
