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1、从近几年的高考短文改错来看，一篇120词左右的短文中共有10处错误，每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏词符号()，并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。短文改错的目的是测试考生发现、判断、纠正一些词法、句法以及语篇中的行文逻辑等方面错误的能力。它既能考查考生的词汇和语法方面的能力，也能考查考生的阅读理解能力。其考查要点的主要方面有：,1.冠词【方法指导】冠词的考查主要集中在不定冠词a，an及定冠词the的混用和漏用。主要包括以下几个方面：(1)不定冠词a和an互改；(2)不定冠词a
2、或an和定冠词the互改；(3)定冠词the的多余或缺失；(4)单数可数名词前冠词的缺失(一般情况下，单数可数名词在句中出现时，其前需要加上适当的冠词或其他限定词)；(5)不可数名词表示泛指时冠词的多余；(6)常见固定搭配的错用。,词法型错误,(1)After a hour or so we began to feel very frightened.解析因hour以元音音素开头。答案aan(2)I decided to climb the tree to see where we were.解析因此处并非特指，而是泛指。答案thea(3)Good health is persons most
3、 valuable possession.解析这里的a表泛指。答案persons前加a,(4)Maybe you could come during a winter holidays.解析此处的winter holidays属特指或者是谈话双方都知道的。答案athe(5)Suddenly，I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd.解析catch sight of是习语，意为“看见，瞥见”答案去掉a,2.名词【方法指导】名词的考查主要包括名词的数的用法(可数名词与不可数名词的混用，可数名词单复数的错用)；名词格的误用、名词前限定词的
4、用法以及抽象名词与物质名词具体化的用法。,(6)We stopped to rest for a while and to drink some waters from a stream.解析因“水”为物质名词，不可数。答案waterswater(7)There are branch library in many villages.解析因其前的谓语动词are为复数形式。答案librarylibraries,(8)I hope that you two could come and visit us some times soon.解析some time意为“某时”。答案timestime(9
5、)They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of question.解析因其前有表示复数意义的修饰语lots of。答案questionquestions,3.代词【方法指导】短文改错对代词的考查主要涉及人称代词的前后一致性(包括指代的一致性和单复数的一致性)、人称代词的主格与宾格变化、各类代词的误加与漏用(尤其是一些易受汉语影响的结构)、某些不定代词的用法(尤其是在意思上用错)、代词在某些习语中的用法等。,(10)David pointed to a path which it he thought wo
6、uld probably lead to a village.解析因它与其前的关系代词which语义重复。答案去掉it(11)When we walked to the car，Bill smiled and shook head.解析汉语为“摇头”，而英语的习惯是说shake ones head。答案head前加his,(12)We climb everywhere，not only in America.They have been to Europe many times.解析前后人称不一致。答案TheyWe(13)The Smiths did his best to make me f
7、eel at home.解析因前面的the Smiths指的是“史密斯夫妇/一家”，是复数意义。答案histheir,4.形容词与副词【方法指导】形容词与副词主要考查两个方面：(1)形容词与副词的错用。包括近义形容词的错用、近义副词的错用、形容词与副词之间的混用以及以ly结尾的副词和不是以ly结尾的同根副词之间的误用、动词ing形式和动词ed形式的形容词辨析等；(2)原级、比较级和最高级的误用。包括原级、比较级和最高级之间的混用；比较级的修饰语使用不当。常见的比较级修饰语有a bit，a little，much，far，many，a lot，even等；常见的最高级修饰语有almost，by
8、far，nearly等；常见的和原级搭配的结构有as.as；how与what的混用也是常见考点。,(14)Last Sunday，police cars hurried to the taller building in New York.解析因从含义上看此处应是最高级。答案tallertallest(15)As a result，people in the modern world generally live much more longer than people in the past.解析因为longer本身已是比较级，不能再用more修饰。答案去掉more,5.介词与介词短语【方法
9、指导】短文改错中对介词的考查主要集中在介词短语及介词与动词、形容词、名词的搭配等。介词与名词的常见搭配：与to搭配的名词：answer，reply，key，visit，apology，introduction，entrance，invitation等。与in搭配的名词：expert，interest等。与on搭配的名词：mercy，congratulation等。其他介词与名词的搭配：victory over，advantage over，respect for，prize for等。,(16)Bill insisted in staying near the car.解析insist on为
10、固定搭配。答案inon(17)When they came down，the police were angry to them.解析要表示“对某人生气”，习惯上用be angry with sb。答案towith(18)Most people can quickly get for help from a doctor or go to a hospital since they are ill.解析因其前的get是及物动词。答案去掉for,6.动词【方法指导】除动词时态与非谓语动词之外，动词考点还包括被动语态、情态动词、动词用法辨析、动词be的误加与漏用等。,(19)Charles and
11、 Linda were seeing near the top of the building.解析因为从含义上看，此处谓语应用被动语态。答案seeingseen(20)Books may be keep for four weeks.解析因此处要用被动语态。答案keepkept(21).and let you know when the book you want has returned.解析因从句意上看，此处要用被动语态。答案returned前加been,(22)Uncle Ben will also go back for Christmas.解析由句意可知。答案gocome(23)T
12、hey eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.解析因此处缺谓语动词。答案eager前加were,7.非谓语动词【方法指导】短文改错对非谓语动词的考查主要涉及不定式符号to的有无，介词后该使用动词的什么形式(用动名词)，并列结构中几个非谓语动词是否一致，动词用作主语时用何种形式(可用动名词或不定式，但不能用动词原形)等。,(24)David and I wanted go off to find help but Bill insisted on staying near the car.解析因为w
13、ant后要接不定式。答案wanted后加to(25).rather than go into the forest and getting lost.解析因为get与其前的go并列。答案gettingget,(26)Modern people know more about health，have better food，and to live in clearer surroundings.解析因为live与其前的know，have并列。答案去掉live前的to(27).you pay the cost of send a postcard，the librarian will write
14、to you.解析因为介词后接动名词作宾语。答案sendsending,句法型错误,【方法指导】句法型错误包括：主谓一致；各种从句的引导词；强调句型；句子结构的连贯性、完整性、对等性及逻辑性。1.主谓一致对主谓一致的考查主要根据语法、意义、就近、就远等一致原则，判断人称和数是否与主语保持一致。常考点如下：(1)由or，nor，either.or，neither.nor，not only.but also等连接并列主语时，谓语动词的单复数遵循就近原则；,(2)当主语是A with/together with/as well as/including/.B时，谓语动词的单复数由A决定，遵循就远原则
15、；(3)动名词、不定式或名词从句作主语时，谓语动词常用单数；(4)“half/most/part/the rest/分数/百分数of名词”作主语时，谓语动词要和of之后的名词的单复数保持一致；(5)a quantity of/quantities of后既可接复数名词，也可接不可数名词，其谓语动词一般取决于quantity的单复数。,(1)(2014四川)Today，I am going to talk with(about)what you should do when a fire alarm go off.解析该句的主语为a fire alarm，为单数名词，其谓语动词应用第三人称单数形
16、式。答案gogoes,2.连接词连接词主要包括名词性从句中的连接词，定语从句中的关系词，状语从句中的连接词，以及主从复合句和并列句中的连接词等。特别是对which和that引导定语从句、抽象名词后面常常跟that引导的同位语从句等的考查。,(2)People would like to take part in this contest should go to the office of the Students Union and sign up.解析定语从句缺少引导词。此句中的引导词who或that在从句中作主语，不能省略。答案People后加who或that,3.句子成分赘余句子成分赘
17、余一般有如下几种类型：(1)受母语思维影响，出现汉语式结构，造成冗言；(2)不明词义内涵，造成词义重叠；(3)介词多余；(4)助动词、系动词多余；(5)多冠词；(6)定语从句中成分重复；(7)程度副词和频率副词，如much，more，often等的多余；(8)小品词to多余等。,(3)(2014四川)If you notice that when someone is missing and(or)hurt，tell your teacher immediately.解析该句的意思是“若发现有人失踪或受伤了，就要立刻告诉老师”。句中的if引导条件状语从句，when多余。答案去掉when,4.缺
18、词错误缺词现象常见的有：(1)缺系动词；(2)缺介词；(3)缺冠词、物主代词等限定词；(4)在定语从句中缺关系代词或关系副词；(5)缺连接词；(6)缺否定词；(7)缺不定式符号to等。,(4)(2014陕西)He wanted teach me about animals，insects and trees.解析want作“想要做某事”讲时后接带to的不定式。答案wanted后加to,语篇型错误,【方法指导】语篇型错误测试包括：上下文中时态是否一致；上下文中代词是否一致；上下文中逻辑是否一致；上下文中词、词组、从句的替代是否正确。,(1)(2014浙江)I was taking a train
19、 to Londons Victoria Station.I had noticed that the carriage was noise(noisy)and filled with people.解析考查时态。此处只是对过去事实的描述，故用一般过去时。答案去掉had,(2)(2014浙江)Then everyone in the carriage began searching(for)the ticket，which was eventually found under a seat several rows from his owner.解析此处的owner指的是车票的所有者，所以应该
20、用its。此外，还可将his改为the表示特指。答案hisits,(3)(2014新课标全国)As(a)result，the plants are growing somewhere.解析根据语境可知，到处都是圣女果，因此把somewhere改为everywhere。答案somewhereeverywhere,易错点1平行结构中的错误,(1)We tried to fix it and there was nothing we could do.解析根据句意，此处为转折关系。答案andbut(2)(2014新课标全国)We can lie on the grass for a rest，or
21、sat by the lake listening(to)music.解析此处有并列连词or，其后的动词与lie是平行结构，故该动词的形式应与lie保持一致。答案satsit,【即时小练】(1)It is a very important exam but I cant afford to fail it.解析此处表因果关系，并非转折关系。答案butso(2)It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest.解析a visitor和a guest应是选择关系，意思是“好像我的父母亲把我当作一个来访者或一个客人。”答案ando
22、r,(3)Im the captain of our school team so with my fellow players weve won several games.解析表并列关系。答案soand(4)(2014大纲全国)The understanding between two friends mean(means)both of them have similar ideas and trusting each other.解析此处的trust和前面的have并列，应用动词原形。答案trustingtrust,以题说法在表达相互平行的概念时，要使用相同的语法结构。平行结构经常借助
23、于并列连词and，but，or或连词词组not only.but also.，not.but.，either.or.，neither.nor.，as well as等。突破指南平行结构中的错误主要是行文逻辑上的错误，解答此类题目的关键是翻译成汉语，注意上下文含义；其次是对此类连词敏感，见到它们首先考虑前后形式一致。,易错点2从句与并列句的错误,I told Mother，Father，Sister，all my friends here what a great time I had.解析all前加and，表示并列关系。答案all前加and【即时小练】This would save the l
24、ife of many animals，some of them have almost died out.答案themwhich,以题说法句子与句子之间的逗号只起间隔作用，不能连接句子，所以要注意从句与并列句的辨别。突破指南遇到此类题目，观察逗号后面有无连词，没有的话，添加适当的连词，或者把其中一句变为从句。,易错点3动词时态与语态的错误,(2014新课标全国)We can lie on the grass for a rest，or sat by the lake listening to music.解析此处sit和前面的lie是并列关系。根据上下文及此处lie所用的动词时态形式可知，应
25、把过去式的sat改为一般现在时sit。答案satsit,【即时小练】(1)We were driving along a narrow road when the car stop.(2)Also，scientists and doctors had learned how to deal with many diseases.(3)If the book you will want is out，you may ask for it to be called back for you.答案(1)stopstopped(2)hadhave(3)去掉will,以题说法根据句中can一词，可以看出
26、左面题目中的时态是一般现在时，所以出现的时态错误。突破指南动词时态考点主要涉及一般现在时与一般过去时的区别，其命题方式通常是在一个一般现在时的背景下误用某个一般过去时；或者反过来，在一个一般过去时的背景下误用某个一般现在时。从所涉及的动词来看，主要涉及be和have两个常用动词。有时也涉及其他时态，如一般将来时、现在完成时等，但很少见。,附录：短文改错做题技巧要想在高考英语中做好短文改错，按照“四步走”，实施“四查法”可有效减少不必要的失误。具体做法如下：一、“四步走”1.通读全文，了解大意注意语篇结构和行文逻辑，不能在未了解大意的情况下就按部就班地一行一行地改。,2.先易后难，缩小范围通读短
27、文的过程中，可以把其中明显的错误找出来，这样就缩小了范围，为下一步的分析判断提供更充分的依据，也能把注意力集中在较难判断的句子上。如：Susan think Paul is just the man she can depend on.此句中谓语没用单数第三人称形式就是一个明显的错误。,3.把握句意，逐句判断逐句扫描，各个击破。为了使每行长度相差不大，往往一个句子分成两行或三行，而一个句子是否有错只有看完整个句子，甚至还要瞻前顾后才能判断出错误之处。所以在通读全文时，要以句子为最小单位，千万别以行为单位。请记住下面的口诀：动词形，名词数，注意形和副；非谓动词细辨别，习惯用法要记住；句子成分多分
28、析，逻辑错误须关注。,4.反复通读，复查验证在大部分错误都改正之后，如果还有拿不准的，应当再次通读短文，利用语感做最后判断；也可以根据此类题的特点，运用错误类型的比例来定夺。错词一般有78个，多词和缺词约有23处。,二、“四查法”1.左顾右盼查名词要注意搜寻名词之前及其本身出现的错误。看该名词前是否缺限定词，该用何种限定词。尤其要查冠词的使用情况。碰到代词要弄清它代替什么。当名词前有形容词时更要加倍注意。如：Catherine，to whom you can turn for help,has good knowledge of Greek.(knowledge为不可数名词，在has之后加上不
29、定冠词a),2.“语”“时”俱进查动词认真分析动词所用的时态、语态。尤其要根据上下文所提供的时间信息，“语”“时”俱进地反复推敲。如：Martin gained so much confidence that he goes back to school.(goes改为went),3.启承转合查连词为使短文结构严谨，短文中往往会出现好多连词。这些连词的使用，在结构和意义上都要通顺流畅，恰如其分。如：It started to rise higher again.So it was still too close to the water.(So改为But),4.文通理顺查逻辑文通即行文合乎英语词法、句法；理顺指行文逻辑符合人们的认知规律，即符合常理。如：The air keeping the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon was coming up.(第二个up改为down),absorbed,boys,though,patience,to,完成短文后，你能否对此加以扩展，写一篇80词左右的小短文？_,
