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1、Intermediate course of Interpretation,Translation part,密码：20102010,warming-up,learning schedule,General introduction of intermediate interpretation,中级口译的英译汉项目均选自英美报刊，内容为西方国家人物与事件，难点为复杂的语言结构和专有名词，旨在检验考生的知识面、英语理解水平和中文表达能力。,汉译英项目从2000年开始注重四字成语翻译题开始，几乎每年都考带有古诗词、成语、谚语、半文半白词的当今重大事件。,翻译部分：英译汉 短文一篇 170 word
2、s 50分 30min汉译英 短文一篇 170 字 50分 30min,brief introduction,learning schedule,What will we learn？,translation techniques,how to deal with the exam,words,sentences,discourse,Teaching Procedure,原文,分析,试译,讲评,2-3分钟,what is translation,eg.Louisa(a peasant girl):As you have come to my house,I feel greatly honor
3、ed.,译文一：路易莎（一位农家姑娘）：欢迎光临，蓬荜生辉！,译文二：路易莎（一位农家姑娘）：您到俺家来，真是贵客临门。,eg.The order was classified top secret and it came at the middle of the night.,eg.Venice invites idleness and strolling.Its silence is restful and its sundials are inscribed with the words:I count only the happy hours.,译文二：绝密级命令在午夜送达。,译文一：
4、这个命令被标注为绝密级而且它是在午夜到来的。,译文一：威尼斯邀请悠闲和漫步。它的宁静是静止 的，就连城里的日晷上也刻着这样的字眼，我只记录幸福时光。,译文二：威尼斯是人们悠闲自得、闲庭信步的好去处，它宁静从容，闲适悠然，连城里的日晷上都镌刻着这样的铭文：“只计幸福时光。”,what is translation,翻译的过程 process of translation,Comprehension+Representation+Collation or proofreading,忠实来自理解,After repeated failure and disappointments he was de
5、termined to throw up the sponge,but continued perseverance finally brought success.多次的失败和失望险些让他自暴自弃，但是坚持不懈的努力最终给他带来了成功。,The passenger declared that he had lost his ticket,but the inspector suspected that he was trying it on,and that actually he had not paid his fare.这位顾客声称丢掉了车票，检票员怀疑他实际上没有买票，想蒙混过关。,
6、If he refuses to take my advice on this occasion,as he has done so often before,I shall wash my hands of the affair,and he can fend for himself.如果他此时像往常那样拒不接受我的建议，我将不再插手这件事，他可自行处理。,过去的一年，全国人民按照“抓住机遇，深化改革，扩大开放，促进发展，保持稳定”的方针，团结奋斗，开拓进取，社会主义现代化事业取得了重大成就。“抓住机遇，深化改革，扩大开放，促进发展，保持稳定”（通过）抓住机遇，（以便）深化改革（和）扩大开放
7、促进发展保持稳定,过去的一年，全国人民按照“抓住机遇，深化改革，扩大开放，促进发展，保持稳定”的方针，团结奋斗，开拓进取，社会主义现代化事业取得了重大成就。In the past,guided by the principle of“seizing the current opportunity to deepen the reform and open China wider to the outside world,promoting development and maintaining stability,”the Chinese people worked hard with a u
8、nited and pioneering spirit,achieving great success in the drive for socialist modernization.,理解如何而来？,语感悟性语法分析：长句的翻译上下文分析：词义的理解,通顺来自表达,I have a cousin who knows the younger brother of the richest people of the town.我有一个认识镇上最有钱的人的弟弟的表哥。我有一个表哥，他认识镇上最有钱的人的弟弟。,He is a good eater and good sleeper.他是一个好的吃
9、者和好的睡者。他能吃能睡。In the door way lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.门口放着至少十二把各种颜色和各种尺寸的伞。门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。,翻译的标准 criteria of translation,信、达、雅（faithfulness,expressiveness,elegance）,严复,信：意义不背本文；达：不拘泥于原文形式，尽译文语言的能事以求原意明显。两者是统一的。雅：“文言文才算登大雅之堂。”,忠实、通顺 faithfulness and smoothness
10、,忠实：一、忠于原作的内容。二、保持原作的风格。,通顺：译文语言必须通顺易懂，符合规范。,翻译的标准,严复,信 Faithfulness 达 Smoothness 雅 Elegance,傅雷,熊掌与鱼，忠实于原文内容还是形式？“得其精而忘其粗，在其内而忘其外”“重神似不重形似”翻译的标准，有“神似”和“形似”。翻译就像临摹绘画，简单的临摹重复只是最低标准。如果能够根据画中的主旨和意境做到“形神兼备”，则是大匠之作。因此，翻译形式只是形式，而翻译的效果才是真正的目的地。,钱钟书,翻译的最高标准是”化“。翻译作品其实也是原著的”投胎转世“，从内容、思想、风格、感情色彩，甚至修辞手法上都要继承原著的
11、特色。化境指把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而路出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味，那就算得入于化境,翻译的操作标准,忠实/准确 faithfulness/accuracy流畅/通顺 smoothness,中口笔译的操作标准,A-AppropriatenessB-BriefnessC-CoherencyD-DiversificationE-ExpressivenessF-FaithfulnessG-Gracefulness,中口笔译的操作标准,A-Appropriateness:老年人-The old people?The senior,the elderlyB-
12、Briefness(英译汉：1:0.9）Russia is a huge-geographical country,with well-educated people,and will eventually recover.(2001-9)俄罗斯是 一个地域广阔的国家，人民受到良好的教育，最终将彻底地复苏。俄罗斯国土面积广大，人民受到良好的教育，全面复苏只是时间问题。俄罗斯幅员辽阔，国民素质良好，最终将东山再起。俄罗斯人杰地广，东山再起指日可待。,中口笔译的操作标准,C-Coherency(对译文进行增词、换序、换形或转态等一系列处理）In this way,they may devote t
13、heir time to the study of policy alternatives1 free from the teaching and departmental duties 2 that are part of the daily routine for most members of the academic community3.正因为如此，这些专家就可从大多数学术人士习以为常的日常教学和课系公务中脱离出来，全身心地投入到政治决策的研究中去。,中口笔译的操作标准,D-DiversificationShort-range thinking,鼠目寸光逆向思维E-Expressiv
14、enessF-FaithfulnessG-Gracefulness,中口笔译的大纲及评分标准,Section III E-C30分钟，180词，50分题型：国外英语书包杂志：英语国家政治/经济/社会/文化/历史，5-8句Section IV C-E30分钟，180词，50分国内书报杂志：我国的内政外交/改革开放/社会文化/历史大事/上海各方面的发展；4-6句,中口笔译的大纲及评分标准,评分标准Clearness(卷面分，5分；goal:4分）Accuracy（翻译正确度，25分；goal:19分）A corps of technicians,aides,speechwriter,symbol
15、manufacturers,investigators,and policy proposers.我们希望各国人民都享有不被人压迫、歧视和欺凌的自由。,中口笔译的大纲及评分标准,We all have a stake in building peace and prosperity,and in confronting threats that respects no borders.抵御，涉及3.Nativeness(10分；goal:5分）Valid information:正确？无误？The upkeep of exotic gardens and old mansions.中国改革开放
16、以来，国民经济年均增长速度达到9.7%,中口笔译的大纲及评分标准,4.Coherency-（10分；goal:5分）There is probably no better way for a foreigner(or an Englishman)to appreciate the richness and variety of the English language than by studying the various ways in which Shakespeare used it.1.外国人欣赏丰富多彩的英语可能没有比学习莎士比亚使用英语的各种方法更好的方法了。2 对于外国人（甚至
17、还有英国人）来说，要欣赏丰富多彩的英语，学习莎士比亚使用英语的方法可能是最好的方法。,中口笔译的大纲及评分标准,这所大学的任务是培养德智体全面发展，能熟练运用外语从事外事和文化交流工作的合格人才。The task of this university is to cultivate qualified personnel for foreign affairs and cultural exchange who are morally,intellectually and physically qualified with proficient use of English.,无题 李商隐,I
18、ts difficult for us to meet and hard to _,The east wind is too weak to revive flowers_.,The silkworm till its death spins silk from the love-sick_,The candle only when burned has no tears to_.,相见时难别亦难，,东风无力百花残。,春蚕到死丝方尽，,蜡炬成灰泪始干。,part,dead,heart,shed,Translated by：许渊冲,头韵 alliteration,押韵Rhyme,English,
19、汉语,先说事，后表态,葡萄形,形合语言,多用短句,静态语势,先表态，后说事,意合语言,多用长句,动态语势,竹形,主语显型语言,主题显型语言,英汉语言对比,英汉语言的对比,静态语势vs.动态语势,eg1.One after another,speakers called for the downfall of imperialism,abolition of exploitation of man by man,liberation of oppressed of the world.,发言人一个接一个表示要打倒帝国主义，要消灭人剥削人的制度，要解放世界上的被压迫人民。,eg2.“Coming！
20、”Away she skimmed over the lawn,up the path,up the steps,across the veranda,and into the porch.,“来啦！”她转身蹦着跳着跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。,eg3.The rotation of the earth on its own axis cause the change from day to night.,地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜变化。,静态语势vs.动态语势,eg4.经常接触某人或某物往往会使人喜欢上那个人或事物，而不是越来越瞧不起他们.,Frequent expo
21、sure to something or someone will usually cause liking rather than contempt.,eg3.Every British citizen who is employed is obliged to pay a weekly contribution to the national insurance and health schemes.(Unit 4),eg5.中国不赞成违反联合国宪章和国际法准则，单方面使用武力和以武力想威胁。(Unit 10),China is opposed to any unilateral use
22、of force or threat of force in violation of the UN Charter and international laws.,每一个有工作的英国公民必须每周缴纳国民保险费和医疗保险费。,形合 hypotactic vs.意合 paratactic,汉语句子之间的意思或句中的意思很多情况下并不需要关联词来衔接，而意义仍十分明确，这主要是因为汉语句子之间的逻辑关系时暗含与句子结构之中或句子与句子之间的，通过句子的先后顺序一般就可推断出句子间的逻辑关系和句子意思。与英语句子相比，汉语句子优势就显得结构松散，句子短小，句式连接也不够严谨。“流水句法”，即汉语句式
23、如流水，少用甚至不用连接词也不会影响句子的流畅和拘役的准确；,英语为竹节句法，其句与句之间需用连接词加以连接来体现逻辑关系。比如，英语连接词if、because、when、although等使用频繁。,The business of a business is business.,在商言商。,枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。,形合 hypotactic vs.意合 paratactic,在汉语里，表示逻辑关系的连接词用的不多，句子与句子之间多半靠前后两句的意思串起来理解，重内容而轻形式，即汉语为意合语言。英语里句子与句子的关系，无一不靠表示逻辑关系的连接词（或
24、标点符号）来表现，英语属于形合语言。（汉译英时，有时需要注意选择恰当的英语连接词来表现句子与句子的逻辑关系。）,eg.中美两国经济上的相互依存在不断加强，经贸合作已成为中美关系的稳定器。(Unit 10),As the economies of China and the United States become increasingly interdependent,economic and trade cooperation has functioned as a stabilizer of relations between the two countries.,形合 hypotacti
25、c vs.意合 paratactic,除了谓语动词不能由从句担任外，英语其他所有句子成分都可以由句子担任，是为从句（主从、宾从、表从、同位语从句、定从、状从）。使英语句子出现结构复杂的长句。汉语的意合特征需要用词汇之间的内涵意义来表达，因此词汇的粘合力较差，不宜拖带过多修饰成分，所以更擅长于流水句。,这种差异要求在英译汉时多使用流水句，英语的各种从句或长句往往要进行拆译。,As we lived near the road,we often had the traveler of stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine,for which
26、we had reputation,and I confess,with the veracity of an historian,that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.,我们就住在路边。过路人或者外乡人常到我们家，尝尝我们家酿的酸果酒。这种酒有点名气，我敢说，尝过的人从没挑剔过。我这话像历史学家的话一样靠得住。,形合 hypotactic vs.意合 paratactic,汉语重语义，英语重句法，汉语的主语不太容易识别，不影响人们理解全句意义。英语主谓关系必须明确，主谓在人称、数、与时态上必须一致。,eg.It is a cu
27、rious fact,of which I can think of no satisfactory explanation,that enthusiasm for country life and love of natural scenery are strongest and most widely diffused precisely in those European countries which have the worst climate and where the search for the picturesque involves the greatest discomf
28、ort.,形合paratactic vs.意合 hypotactic,译文1：这是件我不能想出解释的事，就是正好那些天气最坏和寻找风景如画的地方最带有困难的欧洲国家是对乡村生活具有的热情和对自然景色具有的爱心最强烈和最普遍的。,译文2：欧洲有些国家，天气坏透，那里的人要辛苦一番，才能找到景色如画的地方。奇怪，他们恰好最喜欢过乡村生活，也最爱欣赏天然风景，而且这个情形也极普遍。这就是实情，我怎么也提不出叫人满意的解释来。,主语显型 subject-prominent vs.主题显型 topic-prominent,eg2.Hope you are enjoying your vacation.,
29、祝假期愉快！,eg1.下雨啦！,Its raining!,英语句子主语很少省略，而汉语则是多用无主句。,英语句子讲究结构完整，除了在祈使句、人物对话、说明书或某些特殊实用文体中有时可以省略主语外，一般情况下很难使用无主句，从汉语角度来看不需要主语的句子也要加上主语，以保持句子结构的完整。,汉语只要语境许可，说话对象不言自明时就可省略主语，多无主句。,英译汉时，许多英语句子的主语可以考虑省略；汉译英时，绝大多数情况下力求主语到位。,表示祝福的语句常可采用无主句式。,主语显著 subject-prominent vs.主题显著 topic-prominent,eg3.加强思想政治工作，讲艰苦奋斗，
30、都很有必要，但只靠这些也还是不够。,It is most essential to strengthen ideological and political work and stress work and the spirit of hard struggle,but we cannot depend on those measures alone.,eg4.预计今年的工业产量可比去年增长百分之八十。,The industrial production this year is expected to increase by 8%over that of last year.,英语叙事前重心
31、 vs.汉语叙事后重心,汉语习惯是“先叙后问”，先摆事实、讲道理，而后在发问；英语的表达习惯则是“先问后叙”，句子以发问始，以叙事终，最后才摆出事实道理、,eg1.中国现在实行对外改革开放，对内搞活经济的政策，难道有什么人能加以扭转吗？,Is there anyone who can alter Chinas current policy of opening up to the outside world and invigorating its domestic economy?,eg2.Im very grateful for your help to me during mu stay
32、 in London last month.,eg3.The girls all smiled on hearing the news.,听到这个好消息，姑娘们都笑了。,上个月在伦敦，承蒙多方照顾，不胜感激之至。,英语多使用被动语态vs.汉语少使用被动语态,英语的论说文体，特别是科技文章，使用被动结构的概率有时高达75%以上，因为西方人在陈述道理时常常推崇“客观性”，忌讳主观推论；为适应汉语习惯，英语的被动结构往往都可考虑在翻译成汉语的主动结构。,在翻译英语句子时，要遵照汉语习惯，多使用动词；多用流水句，少用长句；多用人称主语，少用非人称主语；多使用主动结构，是使用被动结构。,现在人们越来越关
33、注环保了。,Recently more and more attention has been focused on protection of the environment.,本地区严禁砍伐松林。,No one is allowed to clear-cut the pine forest in this region.,而且，只有不断推进和平与发展的事业，各国人民安居乐业，集中精力发展经济，创新科技，才能创造巨大的市场需求和促进经济繁荣。(Unit 9),An enormous market demand can be created and economic prosperity pr
34、omoted only when continued efforts are made to advance the cause of peace and development to ensure that people around the world live and work in peace and contentment and focus on economic development and on scientific and technological innovation.,直译 literal translation vs.意译 free translation,直译和意
35、译是英汉翻译最常见的两种基本技法。,直译是指在传达原文意思的时候，尽量做到译文的表达形式、句法结构等与原文保持一致，能完全对等的要完全对等，不能完全对等的也要大致对等。对等的内容包括词性、词序、语序、表达方式、修辞方式、语体风格、地方色彩、个人风格、民族文化特色，其理想目标是做到“形”、“神”兼备。直译的使用不仅极大地丰富了汉语的词汇，而且还极大地拓展了汉语的表达方式和表达范围。,意译是指如果按照原文字面意思进行翻译既译不通，又不能有效地表达原文深层意蕴时，就舍弃原文的字面意思，将原文的表层结构和表面意思打破重组，译出其隐身含义或言外之意的翻译手法。在英汉翻译实践过程中，由于中外文化差异，很多
36、时候都需要透过原文的字面意思，打破原文的语言形式，换用相宜的汉语表达手法进行处理，否则就无法有效地传递出原文信息。,翻译过程中单一地使用直译或意译都是不可取的，完全的直译有时会使得译文生硬晦涩或词不达意，完全的意译又会改变原作的风格特点，造成误读。科学的翻译态度是直译与意译兼顾。,直译：就是既保留原文的内容，又保留原文形式的翻译方法或翻译文字。意译，就是保留原文的内容，不保持原文形式的翻译方法或翻译文字。中级口译中，大多数场合只要译出基本意思就可以了，但是在少数场合需要使用意译。,直译 literal translation vs.意译 free translation,There is no
37、 way of proving this point.(1997年考题)直译：现在没有办法证明这一点。意译：这一点不置可否。,An organization that has open lines of communication with valid,honest information going up,down,and throughout the organization will be much more effective and a much better place of work than the organization that attempts to restrict
38、the flow of information or distort and deceive.(2003年考题)直译：一个企业如果具备公开的沟通渠道，公司上级、下级、同级之间传递正确的、诚实的信息，比起那些试图限制信息流通、歪曲甚至欺骗的企业来说，将会有更高的效率，并是一个更适宜于工作的地方。意译：一个企业如果具备坦诚的沟通模式和全方位的诚信信息，比起那些试图封闭信息、曲解甚至欺骗的企业来说，将会有更高的效能，并更适宜于工作。,Restricting communication and distorting information are symptoms of short-range thi
39、nking.(2000年考题)直译：限制沟通和曲解信息是企业缺乏远见的前兆。意译：限制沟通和曲解信息使企业逐渐成为井底之蛙。,Think tanks and university research institutes are nonprofit organizations that have been developed to provide settings for experts in various academic disciplines.直译：智囊团和大学中的研究机构是非赢利性组织，为不同学术领域的专家提供了环境。意译：智囊团和大学中的研究机构是非赢利性组织，为不同学术领域的专家提
40、供了舞台。,Their expanding appetite for imports would have bolstered the United States and so-called emerging market countries from Brazil to South Korea.(2003年考题)直译：那些国家对进口需求很大，刺激了美国和一些所谓的新兴市场国家，诸如巴西、韩国。意译：那些国家热衷于进口，确实给美国和一些所谓的新兴市场国家诸如巴西、韩国打了一针强心剂。,本届会议将围绕”新世纪、新挑战：参与、合作、促进共同发展“的主题，审议5个方面的议题，以期促进亚太地区和全球贸
41、易的发展。(2001年考题)直译：This meeting will discuss the topic of“new century,new challenge:participate,cooperate and promote common prosperity”covering 5 areas with a view to enhancing the development of economy and trade between the Asia-Pacific region and the rest world.意译：This meeting will,centering aroun
42、d the theme of“Meeting new challenges in the new century:achieving common prosperity through participation and cooperation”,reviewing the agenda under 5 heads with a view to promoting the economic and trade development in the Asia-Pacific region and the world at large.,因为从市民的衣、食、住、行消费来讲，住房是一个重要的因素，而
43、且占了大头。(2002年考题)直译：Among the basic necessities of life-food,clothing,shelter and transportation,housing is an important elements,accounting for a majority in the money they spend.意译：Among the basic necessities of life-food,clothing,shelter and transportation,housing is an important element,accounting
44、 for a lions share in the money they spend.,洋化 Foreignization vs.归化 Domestication,SL culture-oriented translation,TL culture-oriented translation,foreignization=literal translation,domestication=free translation,E.g.Nothing could be done.,不必担心太早。（不必自寻烦恼）,E.g.We saw an acrobat standing on his head.,我
45、们看见一个杂技演员正在倒立。,无事可以被做？,E.g.Dont cross the bridge till you get it.,死译、硬译,乱译,英译汉中的直译与意译,fire enginea night owlbird fluchain reactiontalk showUtopiamicrophonesour grapemodelInternethacker,消防车夜猫子禽流感连锁反应脱口秀乌托邦麦克风酸葡萄模特儿因特网黑客,day studentin the darkdead shot/eyea cold fishblack sheepblue-eye bodydear John l
46、ettera couch potatoa fat chancenatural history,走读生一无所知神枪手冷血无情的人害群之马心腹绝交信整天窝在沙发上看电视的人渺茫的机会博物学,e.g.One may as well not know a thing at all as know it but imperfectly.,与其一知半解，不如全然不知。,e.g.Jack and his wife have had two decades investing in each other since their marriage.,e.g.The research finds that you
47、ng women are heading for an early grave through smoking and lack of exercise.,e.g.My sister goes back to the fat farm again.,我妹妹又去减肥中心了。,这项研究发现，青年妇女由于抽烟和缺少运动，将大大缩短自己的寿命。,杰克和他老婆结婚20年来，一直相亲相爱。,他儿子正在蹲班房。,直译为：他们造出你后便将模具打碎了。,请别插嘴。,我们今天在这儿，明天就走。？,e.g.His son lives under the governments expenses.,e.g.They
48、broke the mould when they made you.,e.g.If I want you,I will ask for you.,e.g.We are here today and gone tomorrow.,Euphemism委婉语,意译：世上没有相同的人。/千人千面。,That the door.,门在那儿。？,请你出去。,警句,人生如朝露，转瞬即逝。,Mr.Zhang always buries his head in the sand.,The Theory of Relativity is too difficult,many people can not und
49、erstand it.,No morning sun lasts a whole day.,e.g.如果你不帮我，英语考试我死定了。,e.g.张先生总是逃避现实。,e.g.相对论太难了，很多人都搞不懂。,e.g.好景不常在，好花不常开。,Mr.Zhang always avoids the facts.,Good times dont last long,and beautiful flowers dont blossom long.,If you dont help me,that would be the kiss of death to my English exam.,The Theo
50、ry of Relativity is Greek to most people.,e.g.In some automated plants,electronic computers control the entire production line.,在一些自动化工厂，生产线完全由计算机控制。,e.g.Conversion to electric power represents a practical means of transferring geothermal energy,but the price of the conversion is a substantial loss
