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1、四级写作专题 语言要求及训练,Part I,四级写作得高分的三个基本要求:,1.内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点 作文考试要求考生根据所提供的写作提纲完成一篇短文，因此，评分标准的第一项即要求文章切题，并包括提纲的全部要点。2.表达清楚，文字连贯 文章要做到表达清楚，文字连贯,就必须根据提纲确立不同的主题句并使整个段落凝聚在一起，流利地表现段落所要表达的思想。为了使文章清楚，连贯(coherence)，我们可以用一些关联词（transitional words and phrases），引导读者的思维从一个句子过渡到另一个句子。3.基本上无重大语言错误，仅仅有个别小错误,三个要求中，有两个是和语言
2、有密切关系的：表达清楚，文字连贯；基本上没有重大语言错误因此，有必要对四级英语写作语言方面加以分析和训练从选词，到组句，再到成段逐一分析,Part II 如何选词、组句?,I.选词：CET-4作文中的“亮点”，成为作文得高分之必须A.选词的要求准确贴切如：1）客人们在共进晚餐后都放松下来，也随便多了After a good dinner together,all the guests relaxed and became quite familiar(careless).,用词准确贴切,主要是选用同义词,近义词的问题.因此要想准确贴切,就必须很好地辨析它们.英文中同义词非常丰富.通过有效地互换
3、同义词来取代上文中出现过的词,使文章的语言丰富多彩,避免重复和单调.如:2）With the publication of the novel,he became famous as the greatest writer living then,and he has been more and more famous ever since.He is also becoming more and more famous with Chinese readers.-用同义词互换改为：,With the publication of the novel,he became famous as t
4、he greatest writer living then and his reputation as a major American author has been on the increase ever since.He is now also becoming more and more popular with Chinese readers.该句中选用了词性不同但意义接近的词词组来表达同样的意思，显得语言生动而丰富,2.明白易懂如：即：选用的词含义必须确定（语体：正式，一般，口语；词义：原义，引申义）；避免生造词语；避免滥用方言俚语等如：wanna,gonna,cause等最好
5、避免在说明文及议论文中使用3)After the outbreak of SARS,some people are determined to engage themselves in regular sports activities so that they can stay healthy(sound 一般用于口语中，“健康健全的没有任何病的”).,4）To be an all-round student(三好学生)(a three good student)is always a symbol of achievement for Chinese students5）In big ci
6、ties,the migrant workers(农民工)(farmer-workers)are becoming the main labor force.6）Work hard and make progress every day.(好好学习天天向上)(Good good study,day day up.),3.形象生动活用词义：选用含义比较形象具体的词来代替含义比较抽象的词如：)He is kind and honest.(比 He is a good man.更具体)No one witnessed(比saw更具体)the bank being broken into.)No on
7、e could survive(比live更形象)in the modern world without money.,活用词义还可以通过选用那些能引出联想和比喻意义的词把抽象的事物说得形象生动如：10)Teenage smoking soars.(increases)11)Einsteins wealth of new ideas peaked while he was still a young man of 26.12)His father brought him a device that did stir his intellect.13)This is only one examp
8、le of the media trend toward marginalizing fathers,which mirrors enormous changes in the U.S.14)You have to fight through a boiling sea of bicycles.你不得不在如流的车海中艰难行进,活用词性：在一篇作文中，有的概念是文章的重点，往往需要多次出现为了避免单调重复，写作者可以活用词性，利用不同的词性来表达相同的概念，使文章丰富多彩如：15)Instead of blindly following them,we should observe them c
9、arefully and analyze them critically.Through the careful observation and critical analysis,we may identify the conceptions that will actually contribute to the social development.It is only those contributive conceptions that we shall follow.-不同词性强调了同样的概念，既保持了句子间的连贯，又改变了句式，增添了语言的丰富性,学生在选词方面存在的主要问题词义
10、不达词义方面的问题（对单词本身的意义理解不透）；词性分辨不清（混误用词性；同一个词在词性不同时，词义也可能不同如：like,effect等）；固定搭配（如：at first,at last等的误用）；不了解某些词适用的文体（formal,common,informal)等,浮夸华丽有些学生喜欢用大而空的词建议：六级以外的词最好不要用在四级作文中遗词漏字不仅破坏句子的完整性，且也影响意思的完整表达如：（括号中为易漏掉的词）16)The living standard in coastal areas is three times as high as(that)in the inner area
11、s.17)Only when we protect our environment well,can we have a better world to live(in).,赘词许多学生在英语写作中受汉语的干扰，或因对英语表达不熟悉，往往会使用多余词汇如：18)I will return back as soon as possible.19)I refuse to present at his wedding ceremony because of the fact that he is a liar.,C.写作练习中应注意的选词方面的问题.词汇的有效积累词汇积累是选词的基础没有较大的词汇量
12、，是不可能选出恰当的词的注意词的原义和引申义注意书面体和口语体的区别一般来说，词可分为正式的（formal words），一般的（common words）和口语的（informal words）种在英语作文中，常见的是formal words和 common words的结合,词汇衔接(word chain)的几种手段：词汇衔接是指文章中出现的一部分词汇相互之间存在语义上的联系，或重复，或有其它词汇替代，或共同出现词汇衔接的手段主要有：重复，泛指词和搭配,重复：词汇衔接中最直接的手段是反复出现同一词汇，从而使话题的焦点集中如：20)Jobs and work do much more tha
13、n most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment.We are all used to thinking that work provides the material things of life.But we are much less conscious of the extent to which work provides the more intangible,but more crucial,psychological well-being that can make the difference between
14、a full and empty life.,泛指词：在实际写作中，过度使用重复会给人一种词汇贫乏，表达单一的感觉此时，除了使用人称代词和指示代词外，还可使用泛指词（general words）英语中有people,person,thing,place,truth,fact 等词的组合搭配：指的是那些倾向于在同一语境中出现具有衔接语篇能力的词群如：depositor(储户),account,money,bank etc.;experiment,research,project etc.;ship,sail,anchor,sea,seagull etc.其实，词的组合搭配也是考察学生对同一主题下
15、词汇的联想能力训练这一能力对听力和阅读理解都有很大帮助,II.组句:英文句子的基本要求:开头大写,句末应有句号(.)/问号(?)/感叹号(!).英文中,不可以用逗号 或副词 或介词短语连接两个完整的句子.A.英语的基本句型:1.简单句:只包括一个主语和一个谓语的句子.(根据句子的作用又可分为:陈述句,疑问句,感叹句和祈使句.);2.复杂句-并列句,复合句,并列复合句(常用于说明文和议论文中),B.组句的要求1.合乎语法规范-如:1)句子的完整性:即一个句子必须有主语，谓语和必要的辅助成分，如宾语，定语，状语，补语等在正式文体中，短语和从句均不能代替句子 主句,(+从句;+并列句;主语+谓语+(
16、宾语)+with 结构;+独立主格结构;+doing;+done etc.),以一汉译英句为例：（随着人类对环境越来越多的负面影响），other species become extinct at least 1000 times faster than at any time in the past.a)With more and more people negatively impacting on the environment(with结构）b)More and more people negatively impacting on the environment（独立主格结构）c)A
17、s more and more people negatively impact on the environment（从句）原句中两部分之间用逗号衔接，而后一部分是一个完整的句子，这就要求前一部分必须是从句，或独立结构，或with结构如果是同一主语，还有可能是doing/done的结构对英语句子结构完整性的了解也有助于做word bank,cloze,error correction等类型题,）句子成分的一致性（如主谓一致，代词与所指代的词一致，非谓语动词与主句的主语一致，时态的一致等）：如a)The uses that are controlled by copyright include
18、 production and distribution and performance of musical works for profit.b)The lecturer leaves time for the audience to ask him questions.c)Having undertaken sustainable development for more than twenty years,China is becoming more prosperous.,3)句子之间的连贯性：需要有效地使用各种衔接词（参见后面的段落展开方式）4)注意突出句子的重点：如可通过倒装句，
19、强调句，排比句等Parallelism(排比句):(排比的最后两项之间须用and连接).如：a)The oral test scores of girls are usually higher than those of boys.b)My roommate is generous,considerate,and easy to get along with.c)He mopped the floor,cleaned the windows,and did other odd jobs.,d)Marie demonstrated an interest in and a talent for
20、writing.e)After you master the reading skills,you will find articles changing from complexity to easiness,from dullness to interest,and from your enemy to your friend.f)A man who provides well for his family,who maintains an honest public record,and who contributes freely to social welfare is an ass
21、et in any community.g)As an environmental editor,I knew that strip mining was tearing up many scenic areas and that clear-cutting was causing wide spread damage in the mountains.,2.句式多变同一思想内容可以用不同的句式来表达句式不同，表达的效果也就不同只有句式多样化，文章才会生动有趣充满活力长短句，主动被动句，倒装句，强调句，肯定否定句；简单句，复杂句;非谓语动词；修辞句等交替使用,另外，要非常熟悉一些句式，可以套用
22、 1)sothat 2)tooto 3)The morethe more 4)notuntil It was not untilthat Not untildid 5)It is important/vital/desirable/necessary/unnecessary/apparent/obvious/of great importance 6)notbut,7)Only in this way can you 8)In no way can alcohol help ease ones miseries.9)It is/was that/who(强调句型)10)People regar
23、d/treat/think of/look on/countas eg.Almost all people regard reading as very important.11)There is no doubt that There is no denying the fact that(不可否认）12)The same is true of(也一样同样适用于),13.Instead of Instead of trying to make a lot of money,I make great endeavors to acquire much knowledge in college.
24、14.Rather than Rather than a punishment or a burden,work is the opportunity to realize ones potential.15.On no account On no account will our government tolerate the decentralization and local protectionism.,C句与句之间的连贯：英语的句子连贯离不开过渡词（衔接词），选择正确的过渡词可以使句子前后逻辑严谨，意思紧密衔接起来表“启”（即开始）的常用语：（参见How to open a para
25、graph部分）表“合”（即总结）的常用语：（参见How to end a paragraph部分)表“承”，“转”（即承上启下展开段落）的常用语：（见段落展开的常用方式）,用于句首提出论题或现象的句型,Recently,has become the focus of our society.has been playing an increasingly important role in our daily life.Nowadays there is a growing concern for Nowadays it is common to hear/see has become a
26、common occurrence in our daily life.With the development of,more and more people are getting aware of the seriousness of It is only during the last/past few years that man has become generally aware that There is an old/popular saying/proverb which says/goes In recent years,there is a general tenden
27、cy Nowadays has become a problem we have to face.,用于结尾的常用句型,From what has been discussed/mentioned above,we may conclude that Therefore,it is not difficult to draw/come to the conclusion that It is high time that something should be done to From all the reasons/considerations above,it is evident/cle
28、ar/obvious that Taking into account all these factors,we may reach the conclusion that Given the reasons/considerations I have just outlined/discussed/presented,I strongly recommend that(should)doIt is clear,therefore,that,All in all,what really matters is,in fact,It is essential that effective meas
29、ures be taken to do From what has been discussed above,we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that In conclusion,the most important is On the whole,it is high time that every one did As a result,we should take some effective steps to do Judging by the figures/statistics,it is not difficult to se
30、e that Only in this way/in so doing,can/will+主语 really,Part III 成段,展开段落常用的写作手法(some commonly used writing skills):1.Paragraph development by time order按照时间顺序展开段落常用的衔接词有:Since(my childhood/1990/last term etc.),then,for several days/weeks,when,in the past,previously,earlier,now,afterwards etc.,2.By pr
31、ocess(按照流程顺序展开段落)常用的衔接词有:第一,首先:first(ly),first(of all),in the first place,to start/begin with,the first thing to do is etc.其次,第二,第三,然后:second(ly),in the second place,next,then,third(ly),after,moreover,furthermore,in addition,besides,whats more,furthermore etc.最后:finally,last of all,lastly,last but n
32、ot least,at the end etc.,不用于列举或流程顺序展开的衔接词有:at first,at last,in the end,eventually etc.,3.By space order(按照空间顺序)常用的衔接词有:across,above,over,down,up,below,against,near,around,inside,outside,between,on the top of,in front of,on the left,at the bottom of,on both sides of.etc.4.By example(通过列举例子展开段落)常用的衔接词
33、有:for example/instance;for another example/instance;some.,others.,and still others;such as,say etc.,5.By comparison and contrast(通过比较对比展开段落)常用的衔接词有:Like,unlike,likewise,too,moreover,different from,in contrast,as opposed to,on the contrary,on the other hand,whereas,while,but,however,nevertheless etc.
34、6.By cause and effect(通过因果关系展开段落)常用的衔接词有:Because,as,since,as a result,due to,owing to,for one thing,for another,consequently,why etc.7.By classification(通过分类展开段落)常用的衔接词有:Fall into three groups,be classified into several groups/categories,there are four types of people etc.,Guided writing:Nearly all
35、the sentences in the following passage are simple sentences and no use is made of connective words or reference between different sentences.Please rewrite the passage to make it look more natural.,There were once a dog and a cat sitting by a kitchen door.The cook came out and threw several pieces of
36、 meat to them.They both sprang to get the meat.The dog was the stronger.He ate it all himself.This was selfishness.By this I mean that the dog cared only for himself.Was this wrong?No,the dog knew no better.Men are different from dogs.They follow a different rule of conduct.How miserable we should a
37、ll be!Every person were to care only for himself.We ought to be thankful.We have a higher nature than beasts.We are able to see and feel the duty of being kind and affectionate to one another.We can see and feel this duty.We ought to be very careful always to observe it.,修改后：There were once a dog an
38、d a cat sitting by a kitchen door.When the cook came out and threw several pieces of meat to them,they both sprang to get the meat.Since the dog was stronger,he ate it all himself.This was selfishness,by which I mean that the dog cared only for himself.Was this wrong?No,because it knew no better.,Ho
39、wever,men are different from dogs in that they follow a different rule of conduct.How miserable we should all be if every person were to care only for himself!We ought to be thankful that we have a higher nature than beasts and that we are able to see and feel the duty of being kind and affectionate to one another.As we can see and feel this duty,we ought to be very careful always to observe it.,Thank you!,
