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1、汉 译 英 句、段落翻译基 本策略,句的翻译,1.确定主干2.语序调整3.正反转换4.语态对译5.长句翻译6.无主句,1.确定主干,汉译英时，不管句子多么复杂，首先要考虑英语的基本框架。组织句子时，始终不脱离“主-谓”主干这一总的框架，然后再进行相应的时态变化、语态变化、句式转换（肯定式、否定式、疑问式、强调句式及倒装句式等），增加定语、状语修饰成分、插入语等。(1)确定主语原文：这个地区雨水较多。译文1：It rains a lot in this area.译文2：This area sees much rain.译文3：There is much rain in this area.分析
2、：汉语主语的角度变化很少，而英语则变化较多。例题原文的主语只能由“这个地区”担当，但在译成英语时就有了多种选择。同时还可以使用There be 结构和It 作主语。,(2)确定谓语原文：在人际关系上我们不要太浪漫主义。译文:We shouldnt be too romantic about human relationships.分析：汉语中名词可充当谓语，英译文中转为系表结构。原文：当他活着一天，总要尽量多工作、多学习，不肯虚度年华，不让时间白白地浪费掉。译文：As long as they are alive,they always work and study as hard as po
3、ssible,unwilling to dream their life away,let alone waste even a single moment of their lives.分析：汉语谓语动词时态、情态及语态是隐性的，英译文中应变为显形，译文补充出汉语中隐藏的时态。,（1）定语的位置 汉语的定语通常在修饰词之前；英语的定语位置分两种：前置和后置。单词 充当定语通常放在被修饰的中心词前；而短语和从句作定语则多置于所修饰的中心语之后。原文：它所展示的是工业文明带来的各种阶段性结果。译文：which present the fruits achieved by industrial c
4、ivilization at various stages.原文：钓鱼是一项能够陶冶性情的运动，有益于身心健康。译文：Fishing is an outdoor sport that can help cultivate your mind and it is good for our mental and physical health.,2.语序调整,（2）状语的位置 原文：我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世 界，一片喧闹。译文：Without being noticed,I lifted the curtain in my small room,only to spy the
5、 bustle of a kaleidoscopic world down in the garden.（状语前置）原文：中华民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切。译文：Chinese people has never regarded human being as the highest creature among everything else since ancient times.（状语后置）原文：我吃了晚饭后出去散步。译文：I went out for a walk after I had my dinner./After I had my dinner,I went out for
6、a walk.分析:汉语按事情发生先后叙述，而英语中时间状语从句可 在主句前，也可在主句后。,原文：他本来在天津开会，会议一结束，他就上北京去度假了，昨天才坐飞机回来。译文：He had flown yesterday from Beijing where he spent his vacation after finishing the meeting he had taken part in Tianjin.分析：多个时间状语出现时，汉语按时间先后顺序排列，而英语中状语的顺 序则比较灵活。原文：他是1970 年5 月20 日在北京朝阳区出生的。译文：He was born in Chaoy
7、ang District of Beijing on May 20,1970.分析：汉语中时间状语在地点状语之前，时间状语与地点状语按从大到小的 顺序排列，而英语中地点状语在时间状语之前，时间状语与地点状语按从小到大的顺序排列。,（3）汉英语言叙事重心不同 汉语先叙事，而后表态或评论，以突出话题，这种句子被称为主题句。汉译 英时有时会译为掉尾句，即先表态或进行评论，后叙事，以突出主句。原文：下次会议要讨论什么，你给我们透透风吧。译文：Will you give us some idea of what will be taken up at the next meeting?原文：万一有什么困
8、难，请给我们一个信。译文：Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.,（4）强弱词语的顺序不同 表示感情色彩的轻重、强弱时，汉语将重的内容、强的词语放在前面；英语将语义轻的内容、弱的词语放在前面，基本原则是前轻后重，前简后繁。原文：一霎时，一阵被人摒弃，为世所遗忘的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起 来。译文：In no time,I was thrown into a feeling of sorrowful anger at being forgotten and abandoned by the rest of the world and
9、 could not help crying my heart out.分析：原文中，感情色彩较重的词“摒弃”在前，相对较弱的词“遗忘”在后，但在英译文中却应调整。,（5）否定的转移 原文：他要等你答应帮助他后才肯走。译文：He wont go away until you promise to help her.（6）习惯用法 原文：衣食住行是老百姓关心的大问题。译文：Food,clothing,shelter and transportation are the biggest concern of the common people.原文：他饥寒交迫，吃了不少苦。译文：He suffer
10、ed a great deal from cold and hunger.,3.正反转换,人们在叙述同一事物或表达同一思想时，可以正说，也可以反说，汉语如此，英语也如此。例如：他是外乡人。他不是本地人。通常情况下，汉译英采用对应译法，即正说正译，反说反译。原文：花在许多人家里开放着。译文：In many little gardens flowers were in bloom。原文：黄鼠狼给鸡拜年，不怀好心。译文：The weasel goes to pay respects to the hen without the best of intentions.The weasel pays a
11、 courtesy visit to the hen with evil intent.,但是由于汉英两种语言表达习惯不同，在很多情况下会出现正说反译，反说正译的情况。(1)正说反译原文：我完全同意。译文：I cant agree with you more.原文：你们大错特错了。译文：You couldnt be more mistaken.原文：他为这件事竭尽全力。译文：He spared no pains/efforts in doing this.,(2)反说正译在汉译英中，反说正译的情况非常普遍，这是由于英语中有大量表达否定意义的词汇可以替代汉语的否定表达。名词：absence,fa
12、ilure,refusal,ignorance,neglect,exclusion 等等。他开车时心不在焉，几乎闯祸。His absence of mind during the driving nearly caused an accident.我们完全不知道他的计划。We are in complete ignorance of his plan.他未能履行诺言，我们大家都很失望。His failure to carry out his promise has disappointed everyone of us.,动词：fail,miss,lack,ignore,refuse,negl
13、ect,deny,overlook,exclude等等。使我们失望的是他不顾大局。To our disappointment,he failed to take the overall situation into account.他上火车站去接他的朋友，可是未能在人群中见到他。He went to the station to meet his friend,but he missed him in the crowd.,形容词和形容词短语：free from,far from,safe from,few,little,short这次演出根本没有失败，而是十分成功。The show was
14、far from being a failure;it was a great success.他的作文几乎没有语法错误。There are few grammatical mistakes in his composition.据悉敌军给养不足。It is reported that the enemy troops are short of supplies.144015293,副词和副词短语：otherwise,little,tooto等等。他显然有不同的想法。He evidently thinks otherwise.我根本不知道他会遇到什么麻烦。I little knew what
15、trouble he was going to have.他兴奋得说不出话来了。He was too excited to speak.,连词：unless,before,until,rather than,or 等等。不了解这一点，就不能得到起码的知识。Unless we grasp this point we shall never be able to acquire even elementary knowledge.部队宁可绕道走，也不踩庄稼。The troops would rather take a roundabout way than tread on the crops.他
16、宁愿饿死，不愿行窃。He will die of hunger before he steals.,介词和介词短语：above,except,beyond,instead of,in place of,out of等等。我要铅笔，不要钢笔。I want a pencil instead of a pen.你早晨来看我的时候，我还没有起床。When you called on me this morning,I was still in bed.他只顾自己，不顾别人，使得大家都很生气。His lack of consideration for the feelings of others ang
17、ered everyone present.是重力使我们不至于从地球上抛出去。(keep sb from doing)It is gravity that keeps us from falling off the earth.,4.语态对译,指主动语态与被动语态的转换。汉语中被动句的使用范围相当窄，而英语中被动句表现能力强，使用频率高。汉译英时，必要时应改变句子的语态，以适应表达的需要。原文：大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。译文：People,rich or poor,are equally favored by Nature.原文：我国历代的劳动人民以及大政治家、大思想家等等莫不如此
18、。译文：Such examples have been set a lot by Chinese laboring people,great politicians and thinkers of past dynasties.分析：原文主语太长，可用被动句表达。,5.长句翻译,（1）原序对译即顺译法。这种方法多用于单一主语的长句，但要分清句中的信息重心。原文：当他活着一天，总要尽量多工作、多学习，不肯虚度年华，不让时间 白白地浪费掉。译文：As long as they are living,they always work and study as hard as possible,unw
19、illing to dream their life away,let alone waste even a single moment of their lives.,（2）分句合译 汉译英时，汉语中教高层次的单位译为英语中层次较低一 级的单位。原文：他们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。译文：Hardly any of them cares to look up and throws a glance at the beautiful twilight.原文：一个人的生命究竟有多大意义，这有什么标准可以衡量吗？译文：Could there be any standard to
20、 evaluate the meaning of ones life?原文：求学是一件艰苦的事情，许多人不能忍受那必经的艰苦，所以不能成功。译文：To learn,actually,is to experience the indispensable pain and those who can not get it over with can not become learned.分析：合译为一个并列句。,（3）断句分译 汉语多流水句，一个长句可能有多个主语，英语一句话只能有一个主语，因此，应当把长句拆开来翻译。原文：一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。译文
21、：One spring evening,my parents held a banquet in the garden where all sorts of flowers were in full bloom.Instantly,a crowd of their guests collected and their laughter was heard all over there.原文：这次到台湾访问交流，虽然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，访了旧 友，交了新知，大家走到一起，谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21 世纪的强盛。译文：The current visit to Taiwan fo
22、r exchange,brief and cursory as it is,has enabled us to see many places,to visit old friends while making new acquaintances.An important topic for discussing at our gatherings was the prosperity of Chinese nation in the 21st century.,（4）主次信息句 在汉语中，有时两个或两个以上的不同主语的句子在表面上是并列的，没有主从或偏正关系，但实际上有内在的逻辑关联和主次之
23、分，因此不宜断句分译，而应把主要信息译为完整的句子，把次要信息以独立结构的形式体现。原文：很难说他什么时候回家，我得上床睡觉了。译文：There being no telling when hell be home,I have to go to bed now.原文：这位民族英雄没有死，他的故事照亮了千百万人的心。译文：This national hero lives on,his story lighting up the hearts of millions of people.原文：在得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道。译文：Before I became ill,I was mu
24、ch petted by my parents,doing everything at will in the home.,6.无主句,汉语有很多无主句，这符合汉语意合的思维习惯。而英语则多重形合，句子一般都需要主句。汉译英时，就需要补出省略的主语，或改变句型结构。原文：但是，大体上看一个人对生命的态度是否严肃认真，看他对待工作、生活的态度如何，也就不难对这个人的存在意义做出适当的估计了。译文：However,if we,on the whole,can find out whether his attitude towards his life is serious or not and w
25、hat is.,段落翻译,1.段落的衔接2.段落的连贯,段落的衔接(cohesion),也称段落的粘合，是指段落中各部分在语法和词汇方面的关系，即段落的各个部分的排列和连接要符合逻辑。衔接手段：逻辑关系、时间关系、空间关系翻译策略：添加连接词，增强连贯性。,1.段落的衔接,逻辑关系先后或列举：first,second;in the second place;nest/then;for one thingfor another;furthermore/moreover/in addition/besides;finally/last;and等。因果：consequently/as a resul
26、t/hence/accordingly/thus/so/therefore;because/since/for等。特例或举例：in particular;specifically;for instance/for example;that is/namely等。引出结论：in conclusion/finally/all in all/to sum up；evidently/clearly/actually;of course等。But/however/yet/nevertheless;on the contrary;on the other hand;neithernor等。,时间关系表示频
27、率：frequently/often;occasionally/now and then;day after day;again and again等。表示阶段：during;briefly;for a long time;for many years等。表某一时刻：then/at that time/in those days;last Sunday;next Christmas;in 2005;at the beginning go Sep;at six oclock;two months ago等。表示开端：at first/in the beginning;before then;in
28、 the preceding weeks等。表示其间：in the meantime/while this was going on/meanwhile/as it was happening/at the same time/simultaneously等。表示结束：eventually/finally/at last/in the end 等。,空间关系表示近：close to/near;next to/alongside/adjacent to;facing等。表示远：in the distance/far/beyond/away/on the far side;there等。表示方向：
29、up;down;forward(s);backward(s);sideways;along;across;to the left/right;in front of/behind;above/below;inside/outside等。,英语语篇的衔接I tried to get to sleep.My neighbour owns an acoustic guitar and an electric guitar.He likes to play the electric guitar.I had to get up at the crack of dawn for work the nex
30、t day.The other neighbour and his wife must be more tolerant than me.I dont know what his other neighbour thinks about it.I dont know what his wife thinks about it.My neighbour plays the guitar quite badly.I wish my neighbour would take up another hobby.Im trying to get to sleep but hes at it again,
31、my neighbour,playing the guitar.He actually owns two guitars,a simple acoustic one and an expensive electric one.But he seems to prefer to play the electric one late at night when Im trying to get to sleep and have to get up at the crack of dawn for work the next day.I dont know what his other neigh
32、bour thinks about it,or his wife for that matter.They must be more tolerant than me.The problem is,not only does he play the guitar very loudly,but he also plays it quite badly.I really wish he would take up another hobby altogether,or at least find a quieter musical instrument to play.,2.段落的连贯,段落的连
33、贯(coherence)指的是内容情节的串联，或者 逻辑关系上的贯通，总得来说就是有完整的语义关系。a text can be linguistically cohesive but incoherent,as the example illustrates:My father bought a Lincoln convertible.The car driven by the police was red.That color doesnt suit her.She consists of three letters.However,a letter isnt as fast as a te
34、lephone call.A:Thats the telephone B:Im in the bath A:O.K,汉英段内连贯对比：替代、重复和省略英语：重 代词、同义词近义词、代替句型 的替代作用汉语：相同词语的重复翻译策略：少重复，多替代英语：按语法形式要求进行省略（所有格、形容词及介词等后面的名词；系动词后面的表语；主谓一致时的主语或谓语等）。汉语：按语境省略（主语、领属语、中心语、关联词、谓语皆可省略）。翻译策略：省略得当，句式简洁,读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辨。Histories make men wise;poets
35、 witty;the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.要了解一个人，可以看他交什么样的朋友，可以看他看什么样的书，因为有的人跟人交朋友，有的人跟书交朋友，但不管跟人交朋友还是跟书交朋友，都应该教好朋友。A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps;for there is a companionship of books as well as of men;and one should always live in the best company,whether it be of books or of men.所以每每在大雪中的黄昏里，围着暖炉，围着祖父，听着祖父读着诗篇，看着祖父读着诗篇时微红的嘴唇。On snowy evenings,we children often sat around the heating stove by grandpa,listening to him reading poems and watching his busy ruddy lips.,
