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1、The Use and Misuse of Sources:Academic Etiquette,Dr Mark J Crowley,Objectives,Look at major historical debatesDraw out specific issues on how historians workWhat are the dangers of misusing sources?,Fascism v Capitalism,Archives brought this debate to the forefrontMax Horkheimer“whoever speaks of Fa
2、scism must also speak of Capitalism”Fascism was different in many countries,Marxism,Marxist theory looks at the relationship between capital and the stateEconomic and political relationshipTo prove the theory/assumption that Fascism and Capitalism are linked,you need a different approach,David Abrah
3、am and Tim Mason,Abrahams book(1981)looked at how Marxism and Capitalism was addressed in the political arena.Focus on class interests and political expression.Abraham and Tim Mason looked to unpack the reductive accounts of Fascism and Capitalism“Historically specific”structure of the state.,Influe
4、nce of Henry Turner,Challenged Abrahams evidence and accused him of misusing sourcesWrote an article criticising Abraham,supported by Gerald D Feldman and Tim MasonOthers supported AbrahamEmphasising“historical fact”over“imagination”Abraham was fired from his job,Historikerstreit(Historians dispute)
5、,The interpretation of Germany in World War 2A J P Taylor:Germans responsible for crimesMarxists:Nazis came to power because of problems with capitalismLiberals:Hitlers influence was most important,The Holocaust in World War 2,Issues,Were the crimes of Nazi Germany unique?Did German history follow a
6、“special path?”Were other Genocides comparable to the Holocaust?Were the Nazi crimes a reaction to Russia?,David Irving:Holocaust Denier,for his own ideological reasons persistently and deliberately misrepresented and manipulated historical evidence”,Daniel Goldhagen,Hitlers“Willing Executioners”Jew
7、ish and his father survived the holocaustStudies genocide,The dangers of sources,The conditioning of historical sourcesAttitudes of historians towards the major debates/issues of the timeHow does this affect the way that we read history?,The dangers of sources,“The profession has at least to take fo
8、r granted that sources have been properly used,and when discovered errors tend in the direction of the authors argumentation,they shake confidence more generally.Nevertheless,implications of wilfully fabricating evidence aroused by these charges are unjustified.”Charles S Maier,Ideological/Conceptua
9、l approach,Empirical/Institutional approachPhilosophical/Intellectual history approach“.civic rationality.groups committed to a fervent nationalism in the abstract can demonstrate very partial or flawed insights into public needs.”Charles S Maier,p.89,What effect does the misuse of sources have on t
10、he wider historical community?,Is it possible to construct a good debate from a poor/inaccurate thesis?How does an inaccurate thesis affect the way in which a historian is seen by the academic community?To what extent should publishers/referees take responsibility for errors and omissions in histori
11、cal theses?,Issues to consider,Who takes the responsibility for a text?Is it methodological or ethical?Richard Evans book In defence of historyP Novik:That noble dream:the quest for objectivity in US history,Further reading,“A Collapse in Weimar Scholarship”Gerald D.Feldman,Central European History,Vol.17,No.2/3(Jun.-Sep.,1984),pp.159-177,Conclusion,How does this affect the way we read history?What does this tell us about the way sources should be handled?What can a historian learn from this when dealing with primary sources?,
