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1、翻译的相关因素,文化与翻译逻辑与翻译风格与翻译文体与翻译,一、文化与翻译,定义：文化（culture）是“一个复合的总体，包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及人作为社会成员而获得的其他的能力和习惯”。（an integral whole which embraces knowledge,beliefs,moralities,laws,customs and other abilities and habits a man has acquired as a member in a society.）-Edward Tylor语言是文化的一部分，又是文化的反映。例：称谓（表）,英汉文化差异
2、在语言上的反映：词汇意义不同peasant vs 农民peasant 具有贬义：新编韦氏大学词典：一般指未受过教育的、社会地位低下的人；美国传统词典：乡下人，庄稼人，乡巴佬，教养不好的人，粗鲁的人汉语：贫农谈到他们现在的幸福生活。英语：The poor peasants talked about their happy life today.贫农 富农farmer 又不同,缺乏对应表达如：cowboy,hot dog,hippy 天干、地支、赤脚医生、楷书,联想意义不同松树：象征长寿、气节 pine 不含此义狗：贬义居多，狗腿子、狗奴才、狗嘴里吐不出象牙、狗眼看人低 狗腿子lackey；狗杂种
3、bastard；狗养的，狗崽子son of a bitch；狗胆包天monstrous audacity；狗急跳墙A cornered beast will do something desperate；狗嘴里长不出象牙A filthy mouth cant utter decent language.,dog：褒义居多，dog tired 非常疲劳；top dog重要的人；lucky dog幸运儿；as faithful as a dog像狗一样忠诚；help a lame dog over a stile助人于危难之中；Give a dog a bad name and hang him.
4、给人强加恶名将毁人一生；Love me,love my dog爱屋及乌；Every dog has his day凡人皆有得意的日子。dog eat dog 狗咬狗,颜色：红 VS RED 英语里有red-letter days（纪念日，喜庆的日子），一般指圣诞节或其它节日；to paint the town red狂欢；roll out the red carpet for sb隆重地欢迎某人。也都表示“危险”、“亏损”等，如红灯（red light），出现赤字（be in red）。不同的是，英语中红色多指愤怒、暴力等贬义，如see red（怒不可遏），waving a red flag(
5、做惹人生气的事)，turn red in the gills（发怒），a red battle（血战）。而汉语中红色常带喜庆色彩，如开门红、生活红火、又红又专等。,要注意转换形象：红人a favorite with somebody in power；红榜honour roll；红茶black tea；红利bonus/extra dividend；红尘the world of mortals；红绿灯traffic lights；红运good luck；红光满面ones face glowing with health红糖brown sugar；红装gay feminine attire；红颜a
6、 beautiful girl；红豆 love pea；红喜wedding。Red也不能一律以“红”译之了事：red wine 红酒；red ruin 火灾；red battle 血战；red sky 彩霞。,东风 vs East Wind西风vs West Wind,东风：温暖、春风、春天闲愁万种，无语怨东风。（西厢记）辛弃疾：东风夜放花千树，更吹落，星如雨。,East wind:Matthew Arnold:a sort of spiritual east wind was at that time blowing;neither Butler nor Gray could flower.
7、“东风”盛行时，像Butler和Gray这样的诗人雅士都不可能有生花之笔，可见在英国人心中的东风形象。Henry Hart翻译时译成east wind后加注：The east wind is symbolic of spring,with its urge to love and mating.,西风：寒冷干燥马致远：古道西风瘦马，小桥流水人家，断肠人在天涯。（天净沙秋思）West wind：温暖而湿润John Mansfield:Its warm wind,the west wind,full of birds ciresOde to the West Wind 西风颂,夏天 Summer：
8、温暖如春Shakespeare Sonnet 18Shall I compare thee to a summers day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summers lease hath all too short a date:,语用上的差异（1）打招呼：英语：How do you do?How are you?Hello!Hi!Good morning/afternoon/evening!汉语：您好！吃了吗？上哪儿去？(2)称呼：汉语：老
9、王、小李职务英语：Mr.Doctor,Professor,judge,governor,mayor,presidentTeacher Chen,（3）接受恭维或赞美A：Your English is excellent.Really quite fluent.B:No,no.My English is quite poor.B:Where,where.,比喻和联想上胆小如鼠-“胆小如兔”as timid as a rabbit，落汤鸡a drowned rat；养虎为患cherish a snake in ones bosom；瓮中捉鳖like a rat in the hole；like a
10、 duck to water如鱼得水；like a hen on a hot girdle像热锅上的蚂蚁；as stupid as a goose愚蠢如猪；as stubborn as a donkey/a mule犟得像头牛,二、逻辑与翻译,钱歌川：逻辑是翻译者的最后一张王牌，是他必须具有的基本要素。俗话说“岂有此理”，正是翻译者随时需要的考虑。凡是翻译出来的一字一句，一事一物，都必须合乎逻辑，合乎情理，否则必然有误。,例子：Jefferson refused to accept other peoples opinions without careful thought.原译：杰斐逊没有认
11、真考虑，就拒绝了别人的意见。改译1：只有经过认真思考，杰斐逊才接受别人的意见。改译2：未经认真考虑，杰斐逊绝不接受别人的意见。,肯定与否定：例子1：Some friend you are.You wont lend me a shilling.你真不够朋友，连一先令都不肯借。例子2：I am enough of a German to give them to go-by.我是德国人，我可不愿理睬他们。例子3：In the vestibule was an electric button from which no moral finger could coax Ting.过道里有个电铃，鬼才
12、能把它按响。,单数与复数例1：I want to know just what control everyone at this table has.我想试试在座诸位到底有多大克制力。例2：Different men often see the same subjects in different lights.不同的人往往以不同眼光看同一问题。,大与小例：The stockholders entered suit,and Rubinstem hired a small army of lawyers.股东们提出诉讼，鲁宾斯坦便雇了一大群律师来辩护。小汽车、小洋房 small car-comp
13、act car;sub-compact car,里与外例：Robinson stepped into the cave and saw eyes glaring out of the darkness.鲁宾逊进到洞里，看见一对眼睛在黑暗里闪闪发光。,前与后例1：But we are getting ahead of the story.不过我说到故事后头去了。例2：After you.请先走。/请走在前面。,静与动例1：The whole city is in holiday array.全城披上节日盛装。例2：The magistrates sat six days a week at th
14、e court.该法庭的理事们一星期开庭6天。例3：This is an article that carries conviction.这是一篇有说服力的文章。例4：National Day falls on Friday this year.今年的国庆节是一个礼拜五。,More examples:例1：Im in good health now and I can resume my work.我现在身体很好，（因此）可以继续工作。-so that例2：-“You havent finished your homework,have you?”-The student shook his
15、head and said,“No,I have not.”学生点点头并说“是的，还没有”。例3：They had barely enough time to catch the train.原译：他们仅有足够的时间赶上火车。改译：他们差点儿没赶上火车。,例4：We realized that they must have become unduly frightened by the rising flood,for their house,which had sound foundations,would have stood stoutly even if it had been alm
16、ost submerged.原译：我们想他们一定给上涨的洪水吓坏了，因为他们的房子基础坚实，即使快遭淹没了，也会屹立不倒的。改译：我们认为，他们对上涨的洪水过于担忧，因为他们的房子地基坚固，即使差不多被洪水淹没，也不会倒塌。,Keep dry!谨防潮湿！Wet paint!油漆未干!Hunger march 反饥饿游行 Did I get your address right?我没有弄错你的地址吧？Make yourself at home.请不要客气。,西方人理性思维，东方人直觉思维。“东方人见到了统一忽视了区别，西方人见到了区别遗忘了统一。”（费尔巴哈）汉语重意合parataxis，一盆散葡萄；英语重形合hypotaxis，一串葡萄。,
