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1、1,English of Science and Technology专业英语 Lecturer:Zhe Li Email:Z,2,课程的目的及任务,1、扩大词汇量,尤其是专业词汇2、巩固语法知识3、提高阅读科技文章的水平,3,教学基本要求,1、能顺利阅读物理学有关专业的原版教科书、参考书及其他参考资料，能掌握其中心大意，抓住主要事实和有关细节。2、对其中重要的论著和文献等材料能正确理解、抓住要点，并对其内容进行分析、推理、判断和综合概括3、阅读速度达到每分钟70词。能运用简洁的专业英语进行初步交流4、能写作简单的专业语句，能正确无误地写作论文的英文摘要。,4,2.Exams Classroo
2、m participation:50%;Final exam:50%,1.Contents,3.Suggestions for You,5,英语分类,公共英语（Ordinary English、Common English、General English）专业英语（Specialized English、Professional English、English for Special Science and Technology）,6,It all began on New Years Day in my thirty-second year of being single.Onceagain
3、 I found myself on my own andgoing to my mothers annual turkey curry buffet.Every year she tries to fix me up with some,7,8,Specialized,Specialized,9,文学文体,She was of a helpless,fleshy build,with a frank,open countenance and an innocent,diffident manner.Her eyes were large and patient,and in them dwe
4、lt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about.那妇人生着一副绵软多肉(软弱丰满)的体格，一张坦率开诚的面容，一种天真羞怯的神气。一双落落大方的柔顺眼睛，里边隐藏着无穷的心事，只有那些对于凄惶无告的穷苦人面目作过同情观察的人才看得出来。五十一个词的片断,就运用了十个形容词,占五分之一。and in them dwelt such a sha
5、dow of distress是非常优美生动的文学语言，译文保持了一风格。,10,新闻文体,MONTREAL-Clark Johns accomplished a spectacular debut for his NHL career tonight,the first score launching a four-point first period out burst,to lead the Johnson City High Hats to a 6:4 victory over the Montreal Teals and their eighth consecutive game w
6、ithout a loss.蒙特利尔电在全国曲棍球联赛中克拉克约翰斯今晚初试锋芒，引起轰动。上半场领先四分，首开记录。克拉克发挥中坚作用，约翰逊市高帽队终以6:4击败蒙特利尔市小鸭队，创造了连胜八场未负一场的战绩。这是属于应用文的新闻文体，其特点是简明扼要，短小精悍，结构紧凑，笔锋犀利。上述这则电讯只有一个句子，却把一场球赛描绘得淋漓尽致，富于吸引力。,11,科技文体,The range of a voltmeter may be extended by means of a series resistor called a multiplier as shown in Fig.2.The f
7、ull-scale reading of the meter alone may be 15volts.With the multiplier 250volts may be required to move the pointer to full-scale,135 volts across the multiplier and 15volts across the meter.从上述的一段科技文章，不难看出其文体与修辞手段与前面列举的文艺小说，新闻报道等迥然不同。科技文体崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有变化，常用前置性陈述，即在句中将主要信息尽量前置，通
8、过主语传递主要信息。,12,Dynamics is the study of forces and their effects on the motions of bodies.The cause of acceleration is a force exerted by some external agent or environment.The fundamental properties of force and the relationship between force and acceleration are given by Newtons three laws of motio
9、n.The first of these laws describes the natural state of motion of a free body on which no external forces are acting,whereas the other two laws deal with the behavior of bodies under the influence of force.,13,两者的共同之处：词汇、语法基本相通。两者的不同之处：具有各自的特点。例如，公共英语：随意性(randomicity)、口语性(colloquialism)、感情性强(emotio
10、nality)。专业英语：1、客观性，被动语态多，传统上，一般尽量少用或不用we、you、I、they。近代打破了这个清规戒律，但还是要尽可能减少出现次数。,14,If the battery is disconnected,the capacitor retains the charge and the voltage associated with it.如果断开电池，电容将保持电荷和与电荷相关的电压。,Also if a coil is placed on an iron core,its inductance will be greater than it was without th
11、e magnetic core.而且，如果线圈中放一个铁芯，它的电感将比没有铁芯的线圈的电感大。此句than引导一个比较状语从句。,15,2、专业英语长句多。一个句子除主句外，往往在句中穿插许多从句和分词、不定式非谓语形式。例如：Finally looking into the future,it is possible to see the development of antibodies to chemicals associated with food breakdown being included in packaging materials to produce color ch
12、anges clearly indicating the freshness of the food 句中associated with food breakdown是分词短语修饰chemicals,being included in Packaging materials也是分词短语修饰antibodies,to produce color changes是表示目的的不定式短语,clearly indicating the freshness of the food是分词短语修饰changes。,16,3、专业术语多，许多词汇只在本专业使用.如 cold boot,circuit diagr
13、am、energy band。4、半专业词汇较多，介于公共与专业之间，不同专业词汇含义不同.如 driver，司机、驱动源、驱动器 operation 机械操作 军事作战 计运算 医手术 carrier 机械托架、底盘军事 航空母舰 半导体载流子医带毒者通信 载波 航天运载工具、火箭 日常搬运工（车、船）,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,5、利用前后缀合成新词多，前后缀共有500多，必须掌握50 个最基本的前后缀，如Sub-,有下面（sub-layer）、次（sub-wave）、小（sub-quantity）和子（sub-field）的含义。6、缩、略写的词多，如，laser（lig
14、ht amplified by stimulated emission radiation）、PE（potential energy）、KE（kinetic energy）、FCC(Face-centred cubic)、HCP(Hexagonal close-packing)、BCC(Body-centred cubic)。,24,7、省略句The first treatment would require a minimum of 48 hours,while the second treatment would require only 26 hours.第一次处理最少需要48小时，而第
15、二次处理只需要26小时。可以省略为:The first treatment would require a minimum of 48 hours,the second only 26 hours.,25,-If(it is)alloyed with tin，copper forms a series of alloys which are known as bronze.如果将铜与锡熔合,就能形成叫做青铜的一系列合金 由关联词that或which引导的定语从句，可将关联词和从句谓语中的助动词一并省略。如上句中的which可予省略，留下作定语用的分词known as bronze;并且还可进一
16、步省略成:-Alloyed with tin，copper forms a bonze.用锡合金化，铜就形成青铜。,26,常见省略句型,As already discussed 如前面讨论过的 As noted later 如后面所说明的 If any(anything)如果有的话，即使需要也 If convenient 如果方便的话 If necessary 必要时，如果必要的话 If possible 如有可能 If required 如果需要(的话)If not 即使不 If so 如果是这样，果真如此 When in use 在使用时;当工作时 When necessary 必要时 W
17、hen needed 需要时，如果需要 Where possible 在可能的情况下，如有可能,27,翻译技巧,28,一、翻译的标准,准确、简练、流畅,29,1.译文要忠实于原文，准确完整表达原文的内容，使译文在表达思想、精神、风格体裁上与原文完全相同。2.语言必须符合规范，符合本民族语言习惯。3.专业术语正确，数据无误，具有科学性。,30,准确,You cannot be too careful.I couldnt get home fast enough.我恨不得马上回到家里。No man can have too many friends.朋友愈多愈好。,31,简练,Let those
18、who can serve as teachers.（让那些能当老师的人来当老师。）能者为师When a straight bar is subjected to a tensile load,the bar becomes longer.直杆受拉，则伸长。,32,流畅,The assumption of a uniform distribution of stress is frequently made in design.在设计中，常常采用压力均布的假定。,33,应该注意避免死译和乱译,死译-the Milky Way(牛奶路)银河-black tea(黑茶)红茶-bulls eye(公
19、牛眼睛)靶心-talk horse(谈马)吹牛,34,应该注意避免死译和乱译,死译贵阳-expensive sun 出口-export-exit警察值勤点-Police be on duty a little,35,应该注意避免死译和乱译,死译-Problems encountered in the test indicate the need for following additional design refinements.死译：试验中碰到的问题指明了下述另外的设计改进的必要。正确：试验中出现的问题表明：还需要对原设计进行下述改进。-There is not room in this
20、chapter to do any more than mention some of the research which has been carried out.死译：在本章中，没有地方来做比提及某些已经进行的研究更多的事情。正确：限于篇幅，本章只提及某些业已进行的研究工作。,36,应该注意避免死译和乱译,乱译-To do this aircraft will fly at 2000 to 4000 m.p.h.乱译：制成这样的飞机，飞机每小时要飞行2000到4000英里。正译：要做到这一点，飞机每小时要飞行2000到4000英里。,37,二、翻译方式1.直译 指忠实地保持原文的用词、语
21、法、结构及语气风格等。尽力保持原文精粹和面目2.意译 译文大胆打破原文用词、语法结构语气风格的限制。符合汉语的表达方式和习惯。,38,例一,One way to picture the earth and the moon is to think of them as a pair of dancing partners spinning wildly around a dance floor with the sun in the center.Since the earth is 81 times as heavy as the moon,it is the anchorman in th
22、e dance.(taken from We Reach the Moon)一个描述地球和月球的方法，是将它们想象成一对舞伴，在一个以太阳为中心的跳舞场周围热烈地旋转。地球比月球重八十一倍，所以它是跳舞中的男舞伴。（摘自我们到了月球）,39,例 二,Jet propulsion is a practical application of Sir Issac Newtons third law of motion which states that,for every force acting on a body there is an opposite and reaction.For air
23、craft propulsion,the“body”is atmospheric air that is caused to accelerate as it passes through the engine.The force required to give this acceleration.A jet engine produces thrust in a similar way to the propeller/engine combination,but whereas the propeller gives a small acceleration to a large wei
24、ght of air,the jet engine gives a large acceleration to a small weight of air.(taken from Principles of Jet Propulsion),40,喷气推进是牛顿的运动第三定律的具体运用。第三定律说：“作用在一个物体上的任何力，都有一个大小相等方向相反的作用力”。对于飞机推进来说，“物体”就是大气，大气通过发动机时获得加速。加速大气的力在相反方向也产生一个使飞行器加速的大小相等的力。喷气发动机与螺旋桨式发动机的方式相似，但螺旋桨给大量空气以小的加速度，而喷气发动机则给小量的空气以大的加速度。（摘自
25、喷气推进原理）,41,Skills of Translation词类转译（I）,在英译汉过程中，由于英汉两种语言的语言结构和表达方式不同，不能逐词对译。原文中有些词在译文中需要转换词类，才能使译文通顺自然。,42,（一）名词的转换,名词转换为动词名词在英汉两种语言中的使用有各自不同的特点。英语中，一个句子往往只有一个谓语动词，因此名词用得多些；而汉语中一个句子往往可以连用几个动词或动词词组，因此动词用得多些。英译汉中如果逐词对译的话，往往难以符合汉语的表达习惯，将英语名词转换成汉语动词后，这一问题便迎刃而解。具体有下面两种情况：,43,（1）将由动词派生的名词转译成动词,例：I have no
26、 private interest in the acceptance of my inventions by the world.我的发明为世界所采用，我未从中获得任何私利。,44,2名词转换为形容词,一些由形容词派生的英语名词和一些作表语的英语名词在译成汉语时，有时需要转换成汉语的形容词。例：The launching was proved to be a success.事实证明这次发射是成功的。,45,3名词转换为副词,一些英语名词还可以转换成副词。例：He had the kindness to show me the way.他十分友好地给我指路。,46,（二）动词的转换,动词转换
27、成名词 英语中有不少动词是由名词派生或转用而来的，翻译这些动词时往往难以找到对应的汉语动词，因此需要把它们还原成名词。例：Television works in much the same way as radio.电视机的工作原理与无线电广播几乎完全相同。,47,1.This current is dependent on the voltage of the battery,on the dimensions of the sample,and on the conductivity of the material itself.（流过材料的）电流取决于电池的电压、材料的截面积和材料自身的
28、电阻率。be dependent(on)：“由决定，取决于”，后接三个on连接的并列宾语。,48,One ohm is defined as that amount of resistance that will limit the current in a conductor is one ampere when the voltage applied to the conductor is one volt.本句可译为：1欧姆的定义是：当加到导体上的电压为1伏特时，将导体中的电流限制在1安培所需的电阻值。,49,a)be defined as：“被定义为”，后接宾语，此处为省略“that”
29、的宾语从句。b)该句为双重复合句，在as后的宾语从句中又分别带有一个定语从句和一个when引导的状语从句。句中出现两个that，第一个that作定语修饰amount，第二个that引导定语从句，修饰前面的名词短语。,50,The capacitance is directly proportional to the dielectric constant of the material and to the area of the plates and inversely to the distance of the plates.电容器的电容量与介质的介电常数及平板的面积成正比，与平板间的距
30、离成反比。to directly proportional：“与成正比”b)to inversely proportional to：“与成反比”,51,When a current passes through the coil,a magnetic field is set up around it that tends to oppose rapid changes in current intensity.本句可译为：当电流通过线圈时，在线圈周围将产生磁场，它将阻止电流的快速变化。句中that引导定语从句，修饰a magnetic field，it指代the coil。Also if
31、a coil is placed on an iron core its inductance will be greater than it was without the magnetic core.本句可译为：而且，如果线圈中放一个铁芯，它的电感将比没有铁芯的线圈的电感大。此句than引导一个比较状语从句。,52,Skills of Translation词类转译（）,（三）形容词的转换（1）形容词转换为动词英语形容词除了修饰名词以外常常和系动词一起构成系表结构，表示各种状态、知觉、情感、态度、欲望等等，后面可以通过介词接宾语。翻译时，往往把这类形容词转译成动词。以下是一些通常可译成动词
32、的“形容词+介词”的结构：,53,dependent on(upon)取决于，依赖于destitute of 缺乏，没有destructive of(to)有害于，有损于devoid of 缺少，缺乏different from 不同于empty of 缺少，没有equal to 等于，胜任equivalent to 等于，相当于exclusive of(from)不算，不包括，免除,54,famous at 善于free from(of)免于，免除，不fraught with 充满full of 充满harmful to 有害于，有损于inferior to 不及next to 次于para
33、llel to(with)平行于peculiar to 限于,55,perpendicular to 垂直于poor in 缺乏pregnant with 包含，充满preferable to 优于，胜过responsible for 负责，负担scarce of 缺乏，不足similar to 类似于,56,short of 缺乏，缺少subject to 受的支配suitable for(to)适于void of 没有，缺乏worthy of 值得relative to 和有关,57,（2）形容词转换为名词,由于表达方式不同，翻译时还可将一些形容词转换成名词。例：After the bat
34、tle they buried the dead.战斗结束后他们掩埋了阵亡者。,58,（3）形容词转换为副词,上文提到，一些英语名词在翻译时要转换成汉语动词，那么相应地，修饰这些英语名词的形容词也通常要转换成汉语副词或补语。例：A continuous increase in the temperature of a gas confined in a container will lead to a continuous increase in the internal pressure within the gas.不断增加密闭容器内的气体温度，会使气体的内压力不断增大。,59,It ha
35、s a wide range of applications in such fields as audio power amplifiers，timer，voltage regulators，sensitive measuring circuits，etc.本句可译为：它在如音频功率放大器、定时器、稳压器、传感测试电路等领域具有广泛的应用。These high gain amplifiers are now used for a wide variety of applications，but the name operational amplifier or op-amp is norma
36、lly used even though no mathematical operations are involved.这种高增益放大器现在已被广泛用于各个方面，即使不再涉及数学运算，但通常仍称之为运算放大器或“op-amp”。,60,When a suitable amount of negative feedback is employed,the differences between integrated circuit operational amplifier of the same type number can be made negligible for all pract
37、ical purposes.当加了一定量的负反馈时，在实际使用中同种型号集成运算放大器的区别可忽略。employed：此处意为“使用”。,61,The operational amplifier can be employed to generate square waves and can be made to perform a variety of mathematical operations by designing the feedback circuitry in such a way that the voltages at various parts of the circu
38、it are proportional to the variables of interest.本句可译为：运算放大器可以用来产生方波，也可用使电路中各点的电压与感兴趣的变量成比例这样的方式设计负反馈电路，从而可用运算放大器来完成各种数学运算。,62,Skills of Translation特殊词的处理（数词）,在日常生活和科技文章中，经常出现大量的数词。我们在翻译的时候要特别注意下面几种表示法。,63,（一）倍数表示法,由于英汉两种语言中表示倍数的方法不一样，因此在翻译“倍数”时应注意两种语言习惯的不同。如：我们说“翻一番”、“增加一倍”或“是的两倍”时，应译为“double”；而说“增
39、加了两倍”则要用“three times”或“treble”。又如“five times greater”译成汉语时应为“大五倍”或“是的6倍”。总之，翻译时要注意用“数词times”来表示倍数关系。,64,（1）表示“恰好是的X倍时”，用“be+X times that”或“be+X times as as”来表示。例1：This substance reacts three times as fast as the other one.这种物质的反应速度是另一物质的3倍。例2：Our total income of 1998 was double that of 1997.我们1998年的
40、总收入是1997年的两倍。,65,（2）当表示“增加到”时，用动词“increase/rise/attain+介词(to)”。例1：Both the power generating capacity and supply will increase to two times.发电能力和供电量都将增加一倍。例2：New boosters can increase the payload to 120%.新型助推器能使有效负载增加到120%。当表示“增加了”时，用动词“increase/rise+(by)”，此时，要注意“增加了”表示的是净增数，不包括原有的数量在内。例1：New booster
41、s can increase the payload by 120%.新型助推器能使有效负载增加了120%。,66,（二）分数减少表示法,汉语中说到的“减少到原来的几分之几”或“减少到原来的百分之几”，在英语中的表示方法很多，可以用几分之几、百分之几表示，也可用倍数表示，或用一般数量表示。The volume of an electric motor can be reduced by one third by using glass fiber for electric insulation.用玻璃纤维作为电器绝缘材料，可使电动机的体积缩小了三分之一。,67,In the real worl
42、d,we can convert these signals into digital signals through the analog-to-digital converter,process the signals,and if needed,bring the signals back out to the analog world through the digital-to-analog converter.在现实世界中，我们通过模数转换器将信号转换为数字信号，然后对信号进行处理；如果需要的话，用数模转换器将信号转换到模拟世界中去。analog-to-digital conver
43、ter：模数转换器digital-to-analog converter：数模转换器,68,翻译练习,With respect to DSP,the factor that distinguishes it from traditional computer analysis of data is its speed and efficiency in performing sophisticated digital processing functions such as filtering,FFT analysis,and data compression in real time.本句可
44、译为：说到DSP，它与传统计算机数据分析的区别在于：它在实时进行滤波、FFT分析和数据压缩等复杂信号处理时的速度和效率。with respect to：与有关b)distinguish from：区分，辨别,69,Real-time performance simulation and emulationa)simulation：模拟，一般是指用软件的方法模拟微处理器的功能。b)emulation：仿真，是用硬件设备仿真器（emulator）监测微处理器的实时运行。,70,Skills of Translation常见否定短语的翻译,英语中常能见到带否定词的短语或习语，有的甚至并不表示否定意义
45、，翻译时应根据上下文判断。现列举在科技文章中常见的几个带否定词的短语。,71,表示否定的词组,at no time 从来没有by no means(under no circumstances；in no account)决不come to nothing 毫无结果have nothing in common 与毫无共同之处make no difference 没有关系，没有影响more often than not 多半，通常not a bit 一点也不,72,not a quarter 远不是，完全不是not amount too much 没有什么了不起not to speak of 更
46、不用说，当然nothing but，nothing else but(than)，nothing less than 只不过是，不外是spare no pains 不遗余力to say nothing of 更不用说了there is no(little)doubt 毫无疑问,73,Digital images can be filtered using two-dimensional convolution with a convolution kernel.本句可译为：数字图像的滤波可以通过使用卷积算子进行二维卷积实现。two-dimensional convolution：二维卷积Low
47、 pass filters blur images,high pass filters emphasize sharp changes in gray scale level,and edge filters locate edges in an image.低通滤波器使图像变得模糊，高通滤波器突出了图像的灰度锐变，边缘滤波器对图像边缘进行定位。,74,Skills of Translation复杂句的翻译,英汉两种语言句子的不同特点是：英语句子长，且结构较紧；而汉语句子短，结构较松。尤其是英语的科技文章，由于各种从句的嵌套，使句子结构变得比较复杂，句子也较长，如果不加以处理而直接翻译成汉语，
48、就不符合汉语的表达习惯，所以在翻译中我们一般采取以下几种方法。,75,1顺序法,如果英语原句的时间顺序、逻辑顺序基本上与汉语句子的语序一致，一般采用顺序法，即汉译时仍然按英语原句的顺序。例：Plastics is made from water which is a natural resource inexhaustible and available everywhere,coal which can be mined through automatic and mechanical processes at less cost and lime which can be obtained
49、 from the calcinations of limestone widely present in nature.塑料是由水、煤和石灰制成的。水是取之不尽的、到处可以获得的天然资源；煤是用自动化和机械化的方法开采的，成本较低；石灰是由煅烧自然界中广泛存在的石灰石得来的。,76,2逆序法,如果英语在原句的时间顺序、逻辑顺序正好与汉语句子的语序相反，一般可采用逆序法，即翻译时，译文的顺序正好与原文的顺序相反。例：There is equilibrium between the liquid and its vapor,as many molecules being lost from th
50、e surface of the liquid and then existing as vapor,as reenter the liquid in a given time.在一定时间内，许多分子从液体表面逸出，成为蒸汽，同时又有同样的分子重新进入液体，这样液体与蒸汽间总是存在平衡状态。,77,3拆译法,拆译法即中间开花法，就是从句子的中间部分入手，开始翻译。例：To be sure,the time has passed when it could be a scientific discovery of first rank to explain by means of a teles
