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1、Petroleum Engineering 406Lesson 18 Directional Drilling,Lesson 10-Directional Drilling,When is it used?Type I Wells(build and hold)Type II Wells(build,hold and drop)Type III Wells(build)Directional Well Planning&Design Survey Calculation Methods,Homework:,READ.“Applied Drilling Engineering”Ch.8,pp.3
2、51-363REF.API Bulletin D20,“Directional Drilling Survey Calculation Methods and Terminology”,What is Directional Drilling?,Directional Drilling is the process of directing a wellbore along some trajectory to a predetermined target.Basically it refers to drilling in a non-vertical direction.Even“vert
3、ical”hole sometimes require directional drilling techniques.,Examples:Slanted holes,high angle holes(far from vertical),and Horizontal holes.,North,Direction Angle,Direction Plane X,Inclination Angle,Z Axis(True Vertical Depth),Inclination Plane Y,q,a or I,f,e or A,Non-Vertical Wellbore,Figure 8.2-P
4、lan view of a typical oil and gas structure under a lake showing how directional wells could be used to develop it.Best locations?Drill from lake?,Lease Boundary,Surface Location for Well No.1,Bottom Hole Location for Well 2,Surface Location for Well No.2,Houses,Oil-Water Contact,Figure 8.3-Typical
5、offshore development platform with directional wells.,NOTE:All the wells are directional,Top View,5-50 wells per platform,Figure 8.4-Developing a field under a city using directionally drilled wells.,Drilling Rig Inside Building,Fig.8.5-Drilling of directional wells where the reservoir is beneath a
6、major surface obstruction.,Why not drill from top of mountain?,Maximum lateral displ.?,Figure 8.6-Sidetracking around a fish.,Sidetracked Hole Around Fish,Fish Lost in Hole and Unable to Recover,Cement Plug,Figure 8.7-Using an old well to explore for new oil by sidetracking out of the casing and dri
7、lling directionally.,Possible New Oil,Sidetracked Out of Casing,Oil Producing Well Ready to Abandon,Old Oil Reservoir,Figure 8.8-Major types of wellbore trajectories.,Build and Hold Type,Continuous Build,Build-hold Drop and/or Hold(Modified“S”Type),Build-hold and Drop(“S Type”),Horizontal Departure
8、to Target,Type I,Type III,Type II,Figure 8.10-Geometry of the build section.,Build Section,Build Radius:,Build Section:,Build-hold-and drop for the case where:,Target,Drop Off,End of Build,Start of Buildup,Type II,Build-hold-and drop for the case where:,Kickoff,End of Build,Maximum Inclination Angle
9、,Drop Off,Target,Type II,Fig.8-14.Directional well used to intersect multiple targets,Target 1,Target 2,Target 3,Projected Trajectory,Projected Trajectory with Left Turn to Hit Targets,Fig.8-15.Directional quadrants and compass measurements,N18E,S23EA=157o,N55WA=305o,S20W,Figure 8-16:Plan View,Lead
10、Angle,Lake,Surface Location for Well No.2,Projected Well Path,Target at a TVD 9,659,Example 1:Design of Directional Well,Design a directional well with the following restrictions:Total horizontal departure=4,500 ftTrue vertical depth(TVD)=12,500 ftDepth to kickoff point(KOP)=2,500 ftRate of build of
11、 hole angle=1.5 deg/100 ft,Example 1:Design of Directional Well,This is a Type I well(build and hold)(i)Determine the maximum hole angle(inclination)required.(ii)What is the total measured depth of the hole(MD)?,2500,10,000,Imax,Imax,TVD1,4,500,12,500,Type I:Build-and-Hold,HD1,Uniform 130”Increase i
12、n Drift per 100 ft of hole drilled,10,000Vert.Depth,4,500 Horizontal Deviation,0,Try Imax=27o?,Solution,Type I Well 1.5 deg/100,2500,Available depth=12,500-2,500=10,000,10,000,Imax,Imax,From Chart,Try=27o,Imax,TVD1,HD1,Build Section,Imax,Imax,TVD1,HD1,MD1=1,800(27/1.5)TVD1=1,734 HD1=416Remaining ver
13、tical height=10,000-1,734=8,266,From chart of 1.5 deg/100,with Imax=27o In the BUILD Section:,8,266,Solution,Horizontally:416+8,266 tan 27o=4,628 We need 4,500 only:Next try Imax=25 30 min,Imax,8,266,MD2=1,700(25.5/1.5)TVD2=1,644 HD2=372,Solution:,Remaining vertical depth=10,000-1644=8,356 ft.Horizo
14、ntal deviation=372+8,356 tan 25.5=4,358 ft.4500 Approx.maximum angle=26 What is the size of target?,MD=MDvert+MDbuild+MDhold,Type II Pattern,Given:KOP=2,000 feetTVD=10,000 feet Horiz.Depart.=2,258 feet Build Rate=20 per 100 feet Drop Rate=10 30 per 100 feet The first part of the calculation is the s
15、ame as previously described.,Procedure-Find:,a)The usable depth(8,000 feet)b)Maximum angle at completion of buildup(180)c)Measured depth and vertical depth at completion of build up(M.D.=900 ft.and TVD=886)d)Measured depth,horizontal departure and TVD for 1/100 ft from chart.,Solve:,For the distance
16、s corresponding to the sides of the triangle in the middle.Add up the results.If not close enough,try a different value for the maximum inclination angle,Imax,Example 1:Design of Directional Well,(i)Determine the maximum hole angle required.(ii)What is the total measured depth(MD)?(MD=well depth mea
17、sured along the wellbore,not the vertical depth),(i)Maximum Inclination Angle,(i)Maximum Inclination Angle,(ii)Measured Depth of Well,(ii)Measured Depth of Well,We may plan a 2-D well,but we always get a 3D well(not all in one plane),Horizontal,Vertical,View,N,View,Fig.8-22.A curve representing a we
18、llbore between survey stations A1 and A2,MD,a1,e1,DMD,a2,e2,b=dogleg angle,Directional Drilling,1.Drill the vertical(upper)section of the hole.2.Select the proper tools for kicking off to a non-vertical direction3.Build angle gradually,Directional Tools,(i)Whipstock(ii)Jet Bits(iii)Downhole motor an
19、d bent sub,Whipstocks,Standard retreivable CirculatingPermanent Casing,Setting a Whipstock,Small bit used to startApply weight to:set chisel point&shear pinDrill 12-20Remove whipstockEnlarge hole,Jetting Bit,Fast and economicalFor soft formationOne large-two small nozzlesOrient large nozzleSpud peri
20、odicallyNo rotation at first,Small Jets,Jetting,Wash out pocketReturn to normal drillingSurveyRepeat for more angle if needed,Mud Motors,Drillpipe,Non-magnetic Drill Collar,Bent Sub,Mud Motor,Rotating Sub,Increasing Inclination,Limber assemblyNear bit stabilizerWeight on bit forces DC to bend to low
21、 side of hole.Bit face kicks up,Hold Inclination,Packed hole assemblyStiff assemblyControl bit weight and RPM,Decrease Inclination,Pendulum effectGravity pulls bit downwardNo near bit stabilizer,Packed Hole Assemblies,Drillpipe,HW DP,String Stabilizer,Steel DC,String Stabilizer,String Stabilizer,Mon
22、elDC,Steel DC,NB Stab,Vertical Calculation,Horizontal Calculation,3D View,Dog Leg Angle,Deflecting Wellbore Trajectory,0,90,180,270,Bottom Hole Location,Survey Calculation Methods,1.Tangential Method=Backward Station Method=Terminal Angle MethodAssumption:Hole will maintain constant inclination and
23、azimuth angles between survey points,Poor accuracy!,A,B,IA,IB,IB,Average Angle Method=Angle Averaging Method,Assumption:Borehole is parallel to the simple average drift and bearing angles between any two stations.Known:Location of A,Distance AB,Angles,(i)Simple enough for field use(ii)Much more accu
24、rate than“Tangential”Method,A,B,IA,IB,IAVG,IAVG,Average Angle MethodVertical Plane:,A,B,IA,IB,IAVG,IAVG,Average Angle MethodHorizontal Plane:,N,B,AA,AB,AAVG,E,DE,DN,A,Change in position towards the east:Change in position towards the north:,Change in depth:,Where L is the measured distance between t
25、he two stations A&B.,Example,The coordinates of a point in a wellbore are:x=1000 ft(easting)y=2000 ft(northing)z=3000 ft(depth)At this point(station)a wellbore survey shows that the inclination is 15 degrees from vertical,and the direction is 45 degrees east of north.The measured distance between th
26、is station and the next is 300 ft.,Example,The coordinates of point 1 are:x1=1000 ft(easting)y1=2000 ft(northing)I1=15oz1=3000 ft(depth)A1=45o L12=300 ft At point 2,I2=25o and A2=65oFind x2,y2 and z2,Solution,H12=L12 sin Iavg=300 sin 20=103 ftDE=H12 sin Aavg=103 sin 55=84 ftDN=H12 cos Aavg=103 cos 55=59 ftDZ=L12 cos Iavg=300 cos 20=282 ft,Solution-contd,DE=84 ftDN=59 ftDZ=282 ftx2=x1+DE=1,000+84 ft=1,084 fty2=y1+DN=2,000+59 ft=2,059 ftz2=z1+DZ=3,000+282 ft=3,282 ft,
