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1、翻译过程中的形神之辨,南开大学外语学院 崔永禄,形与神关系的研究是翻译理论的核心问题之一。传神是重要的，但不注意形，神就会架空。形神之间有一种辩证关系。,不同时期的不同理论有不同的倾向性。因强调一面而使理论发展不断摇摆，究其原因就是没有掌握这种辩证关系。综观历史可以看到这样一个曲线。,道安的“五失本”：胡语尽倒，而使为秦；胡经尚质，秦人好文（罗：案本）鸠摩罗什：改梵为秦，失其藻蔚似嚼饭与人。（天见人，人见天人天交接，两得相见）玄奘：新译与五不翻（秘密故）,严复：信达雅（不字比句次，意义则不倍本文）鲁迅：异化傅雷：神似,形与神的关系：老子的启发：三十辐共一毂，当其无，有车之用。埏(shan)埴以
2、为器，当其无，有器之用。凿户牖以为室，当其无，有室之用。故有之以为利，无之以为用。神即语言要表达的功能。,概念功能,原文：豫章故郡，洪都新府。星分翼轸，地接衡庐。襟三江而带五湖，控蛮荆而引瓯越。物华天宝，龙光射斗牛之墟；人杰地灵，徐如下陈蕃之榻。（王勃：滕王阁序）译文：The old principality of Yuzhang Is now the prefecture of Hongdu.The stars of YI and Zhen lord over this areaWhich adjoins Mount Heng and Mount Lu.Watered by three ri
3、vers and five lakes,It controls Manjing and sways over Ouyue.Its excellent produce was revealedBy a wondrous exaltation in the sky;The brightness of the fabulous Dragon Spring SwordShot up to the stars Dou and Niu.Its many distinguished men are offspringOf the rare affluence of the land.Among them w
4、as Xu Ru,who was privileged to enjoyThe special hospitality of the prefect Chen Fan.(Tr.J.C.Lai and Monica Lai),襟三江而带五湖，控蛮荆而引瓯越Watered by three rivers and five lakes,It controls Manjing and sways over Ouyue.,物华天宝，龙光射斗牛之墟Its excellent produce was revealedBy a wondrous exaltation in the sky;The bright
5、ness of the fabulous Dragon Spring SwordShot up to the stars Dou and Niu.,人杰地灵，徐如下陈蕃之榻。Its many distinguished men are offspringOf the rare affluence of the land.Among them was Xu Ru,who was privileged to enjoyThe special hospitality of the prefect Chen Fan.,人际功能,人际功能 A swarthy boy opened a book and
6、prompted it nimbly under the breastwork of his satchel.一个脸色黝黑的学生打开书本，敏捷地把它支在自己书包盖底下。（金隄译）一个面色黧黑的少年打开书本，麻利地把它支在用书包充当的胸墙后面。（萧乾等译）,文本组织功能,If you think it aint dismal and lonesome out in a fog that way,by yourself,in the night,you try it onceyoull see.(Mark Twain:Adventures of Huckleberry Finn),译文1 假如你以
7、为半夜里下着大雾，一个人在水上这么漂着，幷不算是一件又凄惨、又闷人的事，那么请你试一试，你就会明白了。（张万里译）译文2 你要是以为一个人孤孤零零的在雾里，并不那么冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨，那你来试上一试你就知道啦。（成时译）试译为：在雾里那么漂着，又只你自己一个人，还是在夜里，谁要是以为不那么凄惨孤单，那么叫他来试一试就明白了。,“得意”一定要“忘形”吗 古人云：“得意忘言”，往往指对文章的理解。然而在翻译中，还有一个表达问题，就是说还要从内容还原到形式。这时原文的形式，不仅对理解有参考价值，而且对于在另一种语言里的再现，也就具有了参考意义。,所以傅雷说：我并不是说原文的句法绝对可以不管，在最大的
8、限度内我们是要保持原文句法的。（傅雷1951）,所以奈达说：如果不引起误会，如果译文读者能明白理解，如果不是意义含糊不清，则应保留原文的形式。（1963年）,鲁迅曾经说过，如果原文是“山背后太阳落下去了”，他决不将它译成“日落山阴”。,形式与内容的统一,A sovereign fell,bright and new,on the soft pile of the tablecloth.1)A sovereign,bright and new,fell on the soft pile of the tablecloth.2)A sovereign fell on the soft pile o
9、f the tablecloth,bright and new.,在台面呢的柔软绒面上，落下一枚崭新的金镑，亮晶晶的。（金隄译）一枚崭新的金镑，亮光闪闪，落在厚实柔软的桌布上。（萧乾等译）试译：一枚金镑从钱袋落下，崭新锃亮，落到柔软的呢绒桌面上。,英语译成汉语，经常保持洋气。汉语译到外语是，应不应该保留汉语的一些形式特征呢？首先我们要查看现状，然后根据发现的情况，提出我们的策略，特别是汉译外的策略。,1.英译汉时的洋气,daughters of memory Blakes wing of excess,记忆的女儿（这是艺术女神编造的故事）布莱克过分的翅膀（布莱克夸张的语言）,Weave,wea
10、vers of wind My childhood stood beside me,织吧，织风的人。（编写历史的人，编吧。)在我身边弯着腰的就是我的童年。（我身边的孩子多么像我童年的样子。）,2.汉译英时的改动,刘姥姥只听见咯当咯当的响声，大有似乎打箩柜筛面的一般，不免东张西望的。又见堂屋中柱子上挂着一个匣子，底下又坠着秤砣般一物，却不住的乱晃。刘姥姥心中想着：“这是个什么爱物儿？有煞用呢？”Grannie Lius attention was distracted by a persistant tock tock tock tock not unlike the sound made by
11、 a flour-bolting machine,and she could not forebear glancing round her from time to time to see where it came from.Presently she caught sight of a sort of box-like object fastened to one of the central pillars of the room and a thing like the weight of a steelyard hanging down from it,which swung to
12、 and fro in a ceaseless motion and appeared to be the source of the noise which had distracted her.I wonder what that can be,she thought to herself,and what can it be used for?（David Hawkes),刘姥姥只听见咯当咯当的响声，大有似乎打箩柜筛面的一般，不免东张西望的。Grannie Lius attention was distracted by a persiseant tock tock tock tock
13、not unlike the sound made by a flour-bolting machine,and she could not forebear glancing round her from time to time to see where it came from.,又见堂屋中柱子上挂着一个匣子，底下又坠着秤砣般一物，却不住的乱晃。Presently she caught sight of a sort of box-like object fastened to one of the central pillars of the room and a thing like
14、 the weight of a steelyard hanging down from it,which swung to and fro in a ceaseless motion and appeared to be the source of the noise which had distracted her.,刘姥姥心中想着：“这是个什么爱物儿？有煞用呢？”I wonder what that can be,she thought to herself,and what can it be used for?（David Hawkes),The old woman heard a
15、steady tock-tock-tock like the sound made by a flour-bolting machine.Staring about her she saw a box-like object attached to one of the pillars in the room.,with a weight of sorts swinging to and fro below it.“what can that be?”she wondered,“Whats it doing?”(Yang Xianyi couple),结论一、“形”不能离开“神”，“形具而神生”。得意不能忘形。二、“形”与“神”是“有”与“无”是关系，是一种 辩证统一的关系。统一的核心是功能。三、重视“形”并不是要因袭原文的“形”，要以译文的新的形神统一代替原文的形神统一。可以保留或改变原文的形式，也可完全创新，意在再现原文的功能。四、经典外译要注意保留汉语的文化形式。,
