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1、英汉语言对比知识在英语学习中的作用,报告人：蔡激浪,一些语言现象,如何翻译以下句子？Do you have a family?*你有家庭吗？*你成家了吗？你有孩子吗？His mother died of difficult labor.*他妈妈做苦工累死了。*他母亲劳累而死。他母亲死于难产。,I know the philosophy but in reality things do not always work that way.*我知道哲学，可是实际上事情being非总是如此运行。道理我懂，可是现实中情况并非总是如此。Time and tide wait for no man.*时光和潮
2、流不等人。时光如同潮流一样不等人/时光如流水，岁月不待人。They didnt praise him slightly.*他们一点儿也没有表扬他。他们对他大加赞赏。,No one can be in China more than a few hours without sensing an enormous optimism.在中国几个小时以上的人，没有任何人不感觉到一种巨大的乐观主义。任何人只要在中国呆上几个小时，无不察觉到一股巨大的乐观情绪。/任何人只要在中国呆上几个小时，都会察觉到一股乐观的情绪。,英汉对比研究的重要性,“The most effective materials are
3、 those that are based upon a scientific description of the language to be learned,carefully compared with a parallel description of the native language of the learner.”Charles C.Fries“我相信，对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别，在每一个具体问题词形、词义、语法范畴、句子结构上，都尽可能用汉语的情况跟英语做比较，让他通过这种比较得到更深刻的体会。”吕叔湘，中国人学英语,有利于交际有利于英汉/汉英翻译
4、有利与英语写作能力的提升有利于语言研究,1、综合语（Synthetic）vs.分析语（Analytic）,He moved astonishingly fast.He moved with astonishing rapidity.His movements were astonishingly rapid.His rapid movements astonished us.His movements astonished us by their rapidity.He astonished us by moving rapidlyHe astonished us by his rapid m
5、ovements.,他的行动，快得惊人。他行动的速度快得令人惊讶。他行动速度之快，令人惊讶。他的快速行动使我们感到惊讶。我们对他的快速行动感到惊讶。,综合语的特征是经常性、系统性的运用曲折形式来表现语法关系为特征的语言。分析语的特征是相对频繁地使用功能词、助词和改变词序来表达句法关系，而不用曲折形式来表达。,He had to quit the position and went in exile,having been deprived of his power.他被剥夺了权力之后，只好离职，流落他乡。No man thinks more highly than I do of the pa
6、triotism,as well as abilities,of the very worthy gentlemen who have just addressed the house.刚刚几位可敬的先生都发言了。对于这几位先生的爱国精神及才干，我个人比任何人都更钦佩。,A very important questionA question of great importance一个很重要的问题A debatable subjectA subject which can be debated一个可以辩论的题目At an unprecedented speedAt a speed unprece
7、dented以空前的速度,There is no inconsistency in what he said.There is nothing inconsistent in what he said.他说的话并没有前后矛盾之处。总结：汉语有严格的语序，英语的语序更加灵活。,An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substance by ordinary chemical means.元素是一种物质，这种物质不能用一般的化学方法再分解成更简单的物质。,英汉思维习惯不同,The tendency of
8、a body to continue in motion is clear to one who observes that an automobile or a train moves for some distance even when brakes are used to check this motion.先讲结论再讲事实。汉语刚好相反。汽车或火车在已经刹车的情况下还是会向前移动一定的距离。看到这种情况的人就会明白，运动着的物体具有继续运动的倾向。,英语常用介词，汉语常用动词来取代,What is he at?他在干什么？John voted with Tories.约翰投票支持保守
9、党。Peter drew his knife on the robber.彼得拔刀向那个强盗砍去。He is a man above vulgar interests.他是一个脱离了低级趣味的人。,2、刚性（rigid）vs.柔性（supple）,英语有综合语的特征，受形态的约束，因此语法是硬的，没有弹性。汉语是分析语，不受形态的约束，因而语法是软的，富有弹性。The article has been translated.文章翻译完了。New factories are being built all over the city.全市到处在兴建工厂。It is drizzling at th
10、e moment.现在正下着毛毛雨。Im so exhausted that I cant stand up.累得我站不起来。,He has a daugher,who works in Beijing.Someone has phoned her and it is said that she will be back tomorrow.他有个女儿，在北京工作，已经打电话过去了，听说明天就能回来。The sky is high and the clouds are pale.天高云淡。He has gone abroad for further studies.他出国留学去了。This co
11、ntract should be signed by the manager.这个项目合同经理要签名。,3、Hypotactic（形合）vs.Paratactic（意合）,Because she is not honest,I cant trust her.她不老实，我不能信任她。We will not attack unless we are attacked.人不犯我，我不犯人。He who does not advance falls back ward.不进则退Once a certain limit is reached,a change in the opposite direct
12、ion is inevitable.物极必反。形合：以连接词构筑的附属或从属结构小句之间的关系；意合：小句之间依顺序而排列而不采用连接词表明小句之间的关系,4、Complex vs.Simplex 繁复与简短,The time has long passed when they sought comfort in the thought that our economic plans were unrealistic and unworkable.以前他们认为我们的经济计划是不现实的、行不通的，并以此聊以自慰。这样的岁月，早一去不复返了。,英语常用从属结构，层次复杂，整句中很少有逗号。长度一般
13、比汉语句子长。汉语常用松句、散句、流水句、省略句、紧缩句、流水句。,Reasons for English Sentence Length,英语使用关联词，可以清楚表明彼此关系；英语语序灵活，可以自由选择句子成分；英语让最长部分放在句子后面，形成“尾重”结构；英语尾开放，让修饰词在中心词后面，不影响中心词理解。,The use of connective words,formal change,and grammatical rules,which define clearly relations between the parts.The many colors of a rainbow r
14、ange from red on the outside to violet on the inside.彩虹有很多种颜色，内圈红，外圈紫。,The formal pronouns of“it”and“there”usually make it possible to put the longest part at the end of the sentence,thus realizing end-weight.It is a great honor for me to have such a wonderful opportunity to visit your beautiful cou
15、ntry.有如此机会访问你们美丽的国家，这对我是个巨大的荣耀。,The end-open feature makes the feature even more apparent.,He was the man who wrote the letter which Mary found in the house which she rented from the man who taught her uncle.who,Chinese can not afford so many left-oriented burdens.正看着我们的两个皮肤白皙身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘。,英译汉时常常需要
16、破句重组，化繁为简；破句(to divide the sentence):英语句子中有多少信息，相应分成几个小句。重组（to rearrange the order）：根据汉语的组织规律，将这些小句重新组织起来。,In the doorway lay(1)at least twelve(2)umbrellas(0)of all sizes(3)and colors(4).门口放着一堆雨伞(1+0)，少说也有十二把(2)，五颜六色(4)，大小不一(3)。,汉语的分句或流水句翻译成英语时，应该化简为繁，组合成复句或长句。化简为繁:将汉语分句中的信息组合成对中心成分的修饰成分，然后选择主谓，确定句子
17、结构。,因为距离远（1），又缺乏交通工具（2），农村社会（3）与外界隔绝（4）的，这种隔绝状（4）,由于通讯工具不足（5），就变得更加严重了（6）The isolation of the rural world resulted from distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the scarcity of information from the mass media.我们不知不觉地朝公园走去。公园就在人行桥那边，桥下很深的地方，汹涌的河水滚滚流过。Somehow our path took us tow
18、ard the park,across the footbridge high above the rolling water of the river.,5、Passive vs.Active,萨达姆的下场也许是罪有应得。但也有人说他遭到了迫害。Sadam Hussein may deserve his death.However,he is also said to have been vicitimized.The whole country was armed in a few days.几天以内全国武装起来了。The bowl was broken.碗打破了。,It was done
19、.这件事已做了。（*这件事已被做了。）It was well done.这件事做得好。（*这件事已经被做得好。）It was poorly done.这件事做得不好。/这件事搞坏了。/这件事被弄坏了。/这件事给弄糟了。,“被子式”（被、叫、给、受、遭）多表示不如愿或不企望的事。如：庄稼让大水冲跑了。The crops were washed away by the flood.He is respected by everybody.人人都尊敬他。（*他被人人尊敬。）John actually loved Mary and was loved in return.约翰真的爱玛丽，而玛丽也爱他（
20、*也被玛丽爱。）,汉语的受事主语,一匹马骑两个人。Two persons rode one horse.这锅饭能吃十个人。A pot of rice like this can feed 10 people.困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了。The difficulties have been overcome,the work has been finished and the problem solved.,汉语无主句,要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the airc
21、raft is to be manusfactured.注意看看信的地址是否写对了。Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.,汉语用通称或泛称作主语,Voices were heard calling for help.有人听见呼救的声音。Mo yan is known as a great writer.大家知道，莫言是很了不起的作家。,中国大学生：一定要听的三个演讲】俞敏洪：如果想要伟大，就用平凡来堆积。http:/白岩松：看书，是在书中寻找自己。有书在，永远踏实。http:/张泉灵：你选的是你父母喜欢的专业，你选的是容易得学分的课，你又凭什么要求过上自己想要的生活？http:/,Thank you!,Wish you good luck and success.,
