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1、语法专题二代词,-2-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点一人称代词、物主代词和反身代词,-3-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,-4-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,注意:形容词性物主代词通常用作定语,修饰名词,如:her father她的父亲。“of(介词)+名词性物主代词(或名词所有格)”构成双重所有格,如:a friend of mine我的一个朋友。,-5-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点二it的用法1.指代时间、距
2、离、自然现象等。如:It is half past two now.现在两点半。(指时间)It is 6 miles to the nearest hospital.离最近的医院有六英里。(指距离)It is very cold in the room.房间很冷。(指温度),-6-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,2.指代前面所提到过的事物、群体、想法、性别不明或性别被认为不重要的人或动物、未指明但谈话双方都明白的事情或情况。如:(2014浙江)An average of just 18.75 cm of rain fell last year,maki
3、ng it the driest year since California became a state in 1850.去年平均降雨量仅18.75厘米,使得去年是加利福尼亚自1850年建州以来最干旱的一年。(it指前面所提到的情况)(2014大纲全国)Whos that at the door?It is the milkman.门口那人是谁?是送奶工。(it指代性别不明或性别被认为不重要的人)Ive broken a plate.我打碎了一个盘子。It(=Breaking the plate)doesnt matter.没关系。(it指前面所提到过的事情),-7-,考点一,考点二,考点三
4、,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,3.it可以用作形式主语或形式宾语,而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面,真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动词-ing形式和不定式充当。如:It is said that all of them have gone to the cinema.据说他们都去看电影了。(2012陕西)No matter where he is,he makes it a rule to go for a walk before breakfast.无论在哪儿,他总是习惯在早餐前出去散步。,-8-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,4.it
5、用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词(短语),尤其是表示好恶的动词(短语)后面,如:enjoy,like,love,dislike,hate,dont mind,be fond of,feel like,see to后,即这些动词(短语)后面的宾语从句前要加it。如:(2015浙江)How would you like it if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you?如果你正在观看你自己喜爱的电视节目,这时有人进
6、入房间,没有询问你的意见就把电视关掉了,你会有什么样的感受?I hate it that you leave the door open.我讨厌你把门开着。5.it的固定结构:make it;get it;see to it that;put it。如:How shall I put it?我该怎么说呢?,-9-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点三替代词it,one,ones,that,those1.it特指上文所提到的同一事物,它所代替的名词常由the,this,that等修饰。one泛指上文提到的同类事物中的一个,不特指,相当于a/an+单数名词
7、;ones泛指上文提到的同类事物的复数名词;the one特指前面的可数名词单数,有时可以用that来代替(尤其是后面有后置定语时);the ones特指上文提到的复数名词,有时可以用those代替,尤其在有后置定语的情况下。that特指前面出现的单数名词或不可数名词,相当于“the+可数名词单数/不可数名词”;that 的复数形式为those,替代可数名词复数,既可指人也可指物。Yesterday I lost my pen and I couldnt find it.So I had to buy one.(it指代my pen;one替代a pen)昨天我丢了钢笔而且没找到。所以我不得不
8、再买一支。,-10-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,The books on the desk are better than those/the ones under the desk.(those/the ones替代the books)桌子上的书要比桌子下面的好。Few pleasure can equal that of a cool drink on a hot day.没有什么能比得上在炎热的天气里喝上一杯冷饮那样快乐。(that替代pleasure)(2012浙江)Studying Wendys menu,I found that man
9、y of the items are similar to those of McDonalds.研究了一下温迪的菜单,我发现其中的很多菜品和麦当劳的类似。(those替代many of the items),-11-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,2.that和one的主要区别:that既可替代可数名词单数,也可替代不可数名词,常有后置定语,一般不指人,复数形式为those;one只能替代可数名词单数,复数形式为ones。当可数名词前有形容词修饰时,只能用one,不用that。当of短语做可数名词单数的后置定语时,用that,不用one。(2015天
10、津)The quality of education in this small school is better than that in some larger schools.这所规模较小的学校的教育质量比一些规模较大的学校更好。(2012辽宁)If youre buying todays paper from the stand,could you get one for me?如果你从摊上买今天的报纸,能给我捎一份吗?(one替代a paper 一份报纸),-12-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点四指示代词指示代词是用来指代或标记人或事物
11、的代词,有this,that,these,those。this,that是单数,these,those是复数。指示代词可以在句中做主语、宾语、表语和定语等。This is what I want to say.这就是我想要说的。That was twenty years ago.那是二十年前的事了。These are not my books.这些不是我的书。Those are her papers.那些是她的试卷。,-13-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点五all,both,either,neither,each,none的用法比较1.both(
12、两者都),either(两者中的任何一个),neither(两者都不)。以上这些词使用范围为两者。John and Mary have both won the prizes.约翰和玛丽都得了奖。(2015福建)The research group produced two reports based on the survey,but neither contained any useful suggestions.这个调查组在调查的基础上提供了两份报告,但是没有一份包含有用的建议。(2013山东)Ive lived in New York and Chicago,but dont like
13、 either of them very much.我曾经在纽约和芝加哥居住过,但是这两个城市我都不是很喜欢。,-14-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,2.both与复数名词连用,either与单数名词连用。There are flowers on both sides of the street.街道两旁都有花。There are flowers on either side of the street.街道的每一边都有花。,-15-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,3.all(所有的,全部的人或物),any(
14、任何一个),none(都不)。以上词使用范围为三者或三者以上。All the students in my class like our teachers.我们班的所有学生都喜欢我们的老师。(2013陕西)Although Rosemary had suffered from a serious illness for years,she lost none of her enthusiasm for life.虽然罗斯玛丽患上这种严重的疾病多年,但是她一点儿也没有失去对生活的热情。4.each可指两者,也可指两者以上。They each have a car.他们都有车。,-16-,考点一,
15、考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点六no,none,nobody,nothing的用法比较1.no不能单独使用,相当于not a或not any,做定语修饰可数名词或不可数名词。He has no worry about safety.他一点也不为安全担心。2.none既可以指人,也可以指物,侧重指三者或三者以上的人或物,可与介词of连用,用于回答how many/much引导的疑问句。How many people are there in the room?房间里有多少人?None.没有人。,-17-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七
16、,考点八,考点九,3.nobody指人,用于回答who引导的疑问句;nothing指物,用于回答what引导的疑问句。(2015重庆)The meeting will be held in September,but nobody knows the date for sure.这次会议将在9月举行,但没人知道确切的日期。What are you doing?你正在做什么?Nothing.没干什么。,-18-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点七another,other,the other,others的用法比较1.another既可以单独使用,也可
17、以用于单数名词前,泛指三者或三者以上中的“另外一个人或物”。还可以用于“another+数词+复数名词”中,表示“再,又”。(2013重庆)Recycling is one way to protect the environment;reusing is another.循环利用是保护环境的一种方式,重新利用是另一种方式。You have to wait for another three weeks.你还得等待三周。2.other 可用作形容词,意思为“别的,其他的”,泛指“其他的(人或物)”。You can ask other people to help you.你可以让其他人帮你。,
18、-19-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,3.the other指两个人或物中的一个,不能用another,此时other为代词。The old man has two sons.One is a teacher;the other is a doctor.这位老人有两个儿子。一个是老师,另一个是医生。4.the other 后可接可数名词单数也可接复数名词,不接不可数名词。此时other为形容词。On the other side of the street,there is a tall tree.在街道的另一边,有一棵高树。He is taller
19、 than the other students in his class.他比班里其他学生都高。,-20-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,5.others 是other的复数形式,泛指“另外几个;其他的”。others不能做定语,表示复数意义,相当于“other+复数名词”;the others相当于“the other+复数名词”,指剩下的全部。(2014福建)In some countries,people eat with chopsticks,while in others,knives and forks.在一些国家里,人们用筷子吃饭,而在
20、另一些国家里,人们用刀子和叉子。Two students in our class failed,but all the others passed the exam.班里两个学生没及格,但其他学生全部通过了考试。,-21-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点八复合不定代词everyone/everybody意为“每个人”;someone/somebody意为“某人,有人”,其特殊含义是“有价值的人或者重要的人”;anybody意为“任何人,无论谁”;nobody意为“没有人,无人,谁也不”。everything意为“每个;所有”;something意
21、为“某事/物”;其特殊含义是“大致;左右;有价值的人或者重要的人或者事物”;anything意为“任何事物”;nothing意为“没有”。(2014安徽)You can ask anyone for help.Everyone here is willing to lend you a hand.你可以向任何人求助。这儿的每个人都愿意帮助你。Somebody has parked his car right in front of mine.有人将车子正好停在我的车子前面。,-22-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,He was such a fast
22、talker that nobody could understand him.他讲话很快,没有人能听懂。(2014江西重点中学联考)After winning the singing competition,she thought herself someone in her neighborhood.她赢得歌唱比赛之后,觉得自己是社区里的重要人物了。(2014江苏)Good families are much to all their members,but everything to none.好的家庭对其所有成员意义重大,但对他们来说并非意味着全部。,-23-,考点一,考点二,考点三,
23、考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,(2012福建)Have you figured out how much the trip will cost?$4,000,or something like that.你算出这次旅程会花多少钱了吗?四千美元,或者大约那样的数目。(2014重庆)A smile costs nothing,but gives much.微笑花费不了什么,却给予很多。,-24-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,常见搭配:nothing but 只不过anything but绝不;根本不something of 有点儿;在某
24、种程度上是nothing to do with 和没关系for nothing免费;白白地;白费;无缘无故地He is anything but a doctor.他绝不是一名医生。Hes something of a cheat.他某种程度上是个骗子。They will repair the building for the old man for nothing.他们将会为这位老人免费维修楼房。,-25-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点九部分否定与全部否定all,both,everyone,everybody,everything以及“ever
25、y+名词”都表示全部肯定。none,no one,nobody,nothing,neither,not any 以及“no+名词”均表示全部否定;但当not 与表示全部肯定的不定代词连用时,不管not的位置在其前还是其后,都表示部分否定。None of them smoke.他们都不吸烟。Such a person cant be found everywhere.(部分否定)这种人并非随处可见。,-26-,.根据提示或语境完成句子1.(2015课标全国改编)A few hours earlier,Id been at home in Hong Kong,with its(it)choking
26、 smog.2.(2015山西联考改编)Julie learned to use her mind and imagination to entertain herself.3.(2015广东惠州模拟改编)“It is wrong for you to say so!”Yu Gong replied.4.(2015湖南衡阳五校联考改编)As a student studying in America,I find that the method of teaching is quite different from that given by Chinese teachers.5.(2015四
27、川宜宾一诊改编)I cant help it if he is always making noise.,解析,-27-,6.(2015吉林东北师大附中第三次摸底改编)I walked her to the car and opened the car door for her,which won me her big smile and gratitude.I know it is a small thing,but I felt so good inside for helping her.7.(2015广州调研改编)The explosion rocked the lake with s
28、uch a force that dead fish immediately began to surface.Sam took out a net and started taking them(they)up.8.(2015吉林实验中学第四次模拟改编)“One time I asked her,why is my(me)listening comprehension so bad?”Mr.Zuckerberg said.9.(2015云南部分名校1月统考改编)It is true that the Internet has changed the way we work and commu
29、nicate.But we shouldnt depend on it too much.10.(2015重庆一中一诊改编)I was blessed with a happy childhood,one that most people would want to have.,解析,-28-,11.(2015安徽黄山第二次质检改编)The professor spoke highly of me,for what I did was better than that of any other top member on the team.12.(2014江西改编)When shall I c
30、all,in the morning or afternoon?Either.Ill be in all day.13.(2014四川改编)Shed lived in London and Manchester,but she liked neither and moved to Cambridge.14.(2014陕西改编)Id appreciate it if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.15.(2013安徽改编)This project requires close teamwork.Noth
31、ing will be achieved unless we work well together.,解析,-29-,16.Sarah made it to the airport just in time to catch her plane this morning.17.If you dont build your dream,someone will hire you to build theirs(they).18.The disease was terrible and it made Jacks life difficult,one problem following anoth
32、er.19.There are plenty of vegetables in the fridge.You neednt buy any.20.The professors lecture was anything but interesting,and most of us fell asleep.,解析,-30-,.根据短文内容,填上适当的代词(每空一词)My friend Henry and I always walk home together after school,for 1.we live in the same block and 2.both of us go in fo
33、r football.One afternoon on 3.our way home,we were about to say goodbye to each 4.other when we heard a loud shout behind 5.us.As we looked around to see what had happened,we found a middle-aged woman lying on the ground,bleeding.We realized that 6.she had been knocked down by the black car in front
34、 of her.We hurried to help 7.her,but a man with dark glasses came over and tried to prevent Henry and 8.me from getting closer to the wounded woman.So we got very angry with 9.him.How could 10.he stop us from helping a dying woman?The man asked us to turn around and we were surprised to see a man carrying a video camera on the shoulder.They were just shooting a film.,解析,
