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1、英语语法基础,第二讲 被动语态,语态是表示句子的主语和谓语动词之间相互关系的动词形式。英语中有两种语态：主动语态：句子中的主语就是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者。前一讲中所用的例句和练习基本上都是主动语态。被动语态：句子的主语不是动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者。相对的中文意思就是：主语（某人或某物）被了。例：No one is allowed to cut down the tree.English is used more widely today.,两种语态的关系是：主动语态句子中的动词宾语是被动语态句子中的主语。原主动语态中的主语由介词by引出，置于被动语态的谓语动词之后。例：1.The
2、teacher praised him.2.He was praised by the teacher.例1是主动语态，“表扬”这个动作是主语the teacher发出的。“他”是“表扬”这一动作的承受者，是句子的宾语。例2是被动语态，“他”做句子的主语。注：中文有大量被动语态的句子，如挨批评，受骗，被捕，得到提升，等等。许多时候中文句子中不一定出现“被”，但是只要句子的主语是动作的承受者，就要用被动语态。,一、被动语态的构成,被动语态是由助动词be+过去分词构成。助动词be要根据主语的人称、数和时态的变化而变化。被动语态的各种时态只能通过助动词be的变化来实现。这里的助动词be的变化和连系动
3、词be的变化一致。在被动语态的句子中，主语只是动作的承受者，而动作的执行者通常省略不写。在需要指出动作的执行者时，要用介词by引出的短语说明动作是谁做的。,二、被动语态的时态,The Great Wall is known all over the world.He was robbed of money on his way home last night.She will be sent to study abroad.She said she would be sent to study abroad.A new bridge is being built over the river.
4、The car was being repaired at the time.The new school has been set up.By the time I arrived,all the work had been finished.The new highway will have been completed before Oct.1st.They thought that this new highway would have been completed before Oct.1st.注：被动语态的否定句时，须在第一个助动词后加not.疑问句须把第一个助动词提前。,三、动作
5、执行者的构成方法,被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者多数情况下是不表示出来的。前面的例句中，都没有给出动作的执行者。需要指出动作的执行者时，可以用by引出的短语来表示。例：This village was destroyed by the flood.These expenses are covered by the state.The table is covered with a blue cloth.（这句话中，布是覆盖桌子的物质，不是动作的执行者。）,四、主动语态变被动语态的步骤,多数情况下，当主动语态的动词是及物动词时，该句子就可以转换成被动语态。“主语+谓语+宾语”句型“主语+谓语+双
6、宾语（直接宾语+间接宾语）”句型“主语+谓语+复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语）”句型“短语动词”的被动语态,“主语+谓语+宾语”句型的步骤,将主动语态句子中的宾语作被动语态中的主语谓语动词改为被动语态形式主动语态句子中的主语，即：动作的执行者，有介词引出，置于谓语动词之后，或省略。如果是人称代词，注意要主、宾格形式的变换其他成分（定语、状语）位置不变 例：They produced 13,000 cars last year.Thirteen thousand cars were produced last year.注：当句子开头是数字时，只能用英语单词，不能用阿拉伯数字。The teacher
7、 praised her for her good marks.She was praised(by the teacher)for her good marks.,“主语+谓语+双宾语”句型的步骤,含有直接宾语和间接宾语的句子，在变为被动语态的结构时，可以将任意一个宾语变为主语，而另一个保留不动。例：He gave me a very difficult job.I was given a very difficult job(by him).A difficult job was given to me(by him).如果直接宾语变为被动语态句子的主语，而间接宾语保留不动，则需要在间接宾
8、语前加相应的介词，如 to,for,of等。例：He bought me a digital camera.I was bought a digital camera(by him).A digital camera was bought for me(by him).,“主语+谓语+复合宾语”句型的步骤,含有复合宾语的句子在变为被动语态的结构时，只能将宾语变为主语，宾语补足语保留不动。例：They named the boy Tom.The boy was named Tom.We saw him run into the building.He was seen to run into t
9、he building.注：在see sb.do sth.和make sb.do sth,等结构中，宾语补足语do sth.前面省略了不定式符号to，当该结构转换成被动语态时，原来省略的to必须还原出来。,“短语动词”的被动语态,因为只有及物动词后面才有宾语，所以谓语是及物动词的句子才有被动语态形式。有些不及物动词，单独使用时后面不能跟宾语。但是，当它和其它介词、副词词组组成固定短语后，其作用相当于一个及物动词，后面就可以跟宾语，也就可以由被动语态了。要注意的是：短语动词是一个固定的组合，有其固定的意思和用法，不可以拆开。在变为被动语态时，后面的介词或副词不可以省略。例：I never hea
10、rd of that actor.That actor was never heard of.,五、被动语态的用法,强调动作的承受者或是事情的结果。例：The new film will be shown next Monday.不知道动作的执行者或没有必要指出动作的执行者。例：He was sent to prison two years ago.为使语气婉转，或是出于礼貌，避免提到动作的执行者。例：You are requested to explain why you did it.,六、一些常用的被动语态结构,A.英语中较为固定的表达方式：中文表示“据说、据信、据报道、据推测”等意思的
11、句子，在英语中有较为固定的表达方式。形式主语It+be+过去分词+that从句主语+be+过去分词+不定式结构这两种结构一般可以换用。例：It is said that a new high school will be set up in our city.A new high school is said to be built in our city.,六、一些常用的被动语态结构,同样的结构还有：It is supposed that 据推测It is well known that 众所周知It must be pointed out that 必须指出It is suggested
12、that 有人建议It is rumored that 谣传说It is suspected that 有人怀疑,六、一些常用的被动语态结构,B.连系动词get/become+过去分词的结构：有时get/become等连系动词也可以代替be够成被动语态。例：My theory will just get accepted.Finally the truth became known.C.有些英语单词用主动形式表示被动含义：例：This dress washes well.This model of cars is selling well this year.Your pen writes quite smoothly.,
