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1、现在分词的完成时、被动式和完成被动时,By 覃成海,现在分词的黄金法则：现在分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语,分词作定语时的逻辑主语,分词作定语时的逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词An interesting bookA rolling stone,黄金法则：一般情况下，作状语的分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,用以上原则判断下面的句子哪几句是正确的 Turning around,an old woman was seen walking towards the riverTurning around,we saw an old woman walking towards the riverSeen from
2、the hilltop,he was delighted to see a wonderland of a valleySeen from the hilltop,the valley looked like a wonderland When using this machine,you must read the instructions first.When using this machine,the instructions must be read first,如果现在分词的逻辑主语不是句子主语？,会出现三种情况,部分分词已经演变成固定搭配,变成分词的独立结构,悬垂结构,变成固定搭
3、配,分词作状语时，在少数情况下，其逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，分词用来修饰全句Judging from appearance,he seems to be a strong manGenerally speaking,this novel is not very inspiring这种情况只限于少数几个动词例如：broadly speaking,considering,Talking of,regarding the plan,等,变成分词的独立结构,分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致，否则，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构。,悬垂结构,分词短语相当于状语从句，其逻辑主语通
4、常就是主句主语，例如：Looking up at the sky,she saw the moon shining bright and clear.上立中句子的主语是she，因此，looking up at the sky=as she looked up at the sky;可见，这个分词短语的逻辑主语是句子的主语she。如果分词短语的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，这样的分词短语就是悬垂结构，例如：Looking up at the sky,the moon shone bright and clear。悬垂结构是该避免的病句，归纳起来有以下几类：,1.悬垂致病的分词结构,Walking al
5、ong the lake,the country scenery presented a lovely show.Sitting at the window,a flock of birds flew across the sky.上面两句中，walking和sitting的逻辑主语都不可能是the country scenery 和 a flock of birds 可以改造如下：,一把分词短语扩展成状语从句，主句结构不变。As she was walking along the lake,the country scenery presented a lovely showAs he wa
6、s sitting at the window,a flock of birds flew across the sky二保留分词短语，改变主句的主语，并作其它变化Walking along the lake,he enjoyed a lovely show of country scenery Sitting at the window,he saw a flock of birds flying across the sky.,2.悬垂致病的动名词结构,动名词同介词构成动名词短语，其逻辑主语也是主句主语By building a railway there,coal can be carr
7、ied out from the mountains.From attending the class,the principles of physics were made clear主语coal不可能建造铁路，故不能充当build的主语；the principles of physics不能充当attending的主语。改正悬垂结构有两个方法：一是改变句子结构，使句子主语能成为动名词的逻辑主语，二是在动名词前加上代词或名词的属格，使动名词有自己的逻辑主语。By building a railway there,people can carry coal out from the mount
8、ains.By our building a railway there,people can carry coal from the mountains.From attending the class,we made clear the principles of physics From our attending the class,the principles of physics were made clear,3.悬垂致病的不定式结构,不定式短语常放在句首，作目的状语，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，否则就为病句To speak English well,a lot of pract
9、ice is needed.To admit fresh air,the windows were all wide open.a lot of practice 在逻辑上不可能是to speak English的主语。同样，the windows也不会有目的的to admit fresh air。因此上面两句可以改为：To speak English well,we need a lot of practice.To admit fresh air,he opened all the windows.,4.悬垂致病的从句结构,如果时间，条件等状语从句的主语不是句子的主语或宾语，从句的主语和相
10、关的动词不可省略，否则就荡然无着，句意不合情理While reading the book,the door bell rangThough troubled by heavy family cares,the work was done as well as everreading the book的主语显然不能是the door bell，而work也不会troubled。因此，我们可以改变主句的主语或给从句补上适当的主谓结构。上两句可改为while she was reading the book,the door bell rang 及 While reading the book,s
11、he heard the door bell ringThough he was troubled by heavy family cares,the work was done as well as ever 及 Though troubled by heavy family cares,he did the work as well as ever,5.悬垂但不致病的分词及分词短语,有些单个分词或分词短语，在句中没有逻辑上的主语但是已经成为习惯用语或词性已经转为别类词（如介词），被认为是正确用法。5.1单个现在分词（已经转化为介词）这类词有regarding,concerning,cons
12、idering,respecting,including,barring除了,following,beginning,pending(在.之前)I know nothing regarding the present situation.Touching(关于)her wealth,I have nothing to say.They were all saved excepting the captain.,5.2分词短语,这类分词有些是及物动词，有些是不及物动词，为固定说法，有些已转化为介词短语。这类词有according to;judging from,talking of;allowi
13、ng for 考虑到;owing to；taking all things into consideration.,1,悬垂致病的分词结构,Walking along the lake,the country scenery presented a lovely show.Sitting at the window,a flock of birds flew across the sky.上面两句中，walking和sitting的逻辑主语都不可能是the country scenery 和 a flock of birds 可以改造如下：一把分词短语扩展成状语从句，主句结构不变。As she
14、 was walking along the lake,the country scenery presented a lovely showAs he was sitting at the window,a flock of birds flew across the sky二保留分词短语，改变主句的主语，并作其它变化Walking along the lake,he enjoyed a lovely show of country scenery Sitting at the window,he saw a flock of birds flying across the sky.,现在分
15、词的形态,现在分词的一般时：doing 完成时：having done 被动式：being done完成被动式：having been done,现在分词的完成时,现在分词的完成式doing所表示的时间与句子动词表示的时间相同，现在分词的完成式表示的时间在句子动词所表示的时间之前。I saw Tom watering the flowers(water与see的时间相同)Having watered the flowers,he went back（water的时间在go的时间之前）分词的完成式一般用于书面体中。它在句中可以起副词的作用，修饰动词等，如：He is a good swimmer
16、,having swum across the Yangtze many timesHaving done all I had to do today,Im at a loose end.以上两句中doing形式的完成式，在句中起修饰动词的作用。但现在分词完成时不能充当定语。,现在分词的被动式,分词被动式being done，同样在句中起形容词，副词的作用。What are those books being sold at the gate?.(分词被动式being sold修饰名词books)On his way back home he saw a woman being beaten by two men.(分词被动式being beaten修饰名词woman),现在分词的完成被动式,Having been well insulated,the wire can be used as a conductor.(分词的完成被动时用来修饰动词表示时间)Having been informed of the discussion,I have to make some preparations.（分词的完成被动时表示时间和原因）,
