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1、Syntax,Structure and ordering of components within a sentence of a LSyntax came originally from Greek,a setting out together or arrangement,Generative Grammar,Since 1950s,Noam ChomskyA particular type of grammar which would have a very explicit system of rules specifying what combinations of basic e
2、lements would result in well-formed sentences“Attempts”since no fully worked-out grammar of this type exists,Generative Grammar Properties,All and Only:all well-formed syntactic structures,only the grammatical sentencesProductivity:finite rules,infinite number of well-formed structuresRecursion:capa
3、city to be applied more than once in generating a structure.(Example on P102),Generative Grammar Properties,Capture the fact:a sentence can have another sentence inside it,a phrase can have another phrase inside itHow superficially distinct sentences are closely relatedHow superfically similar sente
4、nces are in fact distinct,Surface Structure,Surface structure:the syntactic form they take as actual Eng sentences Charlie broke the window.The window was broken by CharlieVery closely related,identical in fact,Deep Structure,An abstract level of structural organization in which all the elements det
5、ermining structural interpretation are representedunderlying level:basic components shared by the two sentences Charlie broke the window.The window was broken by Charlie.,Structural Ambiguity,Annie whacked a man with an umbrella.I shot an elephant in my pajamas.Phrases can be ambiguous:old men and w
6、omen old men and women of all ages?old men and old women?,Symbols used in Syntactic Description,Arrow:consists ofParentheses:()optional constituent insideBraces(curly brackets):only one of the elements enclosed withinthe brackets must be selectedComplete list of symbols on Page 105,Labeled Tree Diag
7、rams,Tree diagram representation contains all the grammatical information found in the other analysies,but also shows more explicitly the fact that there are different levels in the analysis.Examples Page 105,Phrase Structure Rules,Tree diagram can be treated:A.static representation of the structure of the sentence at the bottom of the diagram B.dynamic format,a way of generating not only that one sentence,but avery large number of sentences with similar structures,Others,Back to Recursion:Page 107108 Transformational Rules 108109,
