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1、Animals and Human Language,Human language:unique form of communicationOther creatures cannot develop an understanding of human mode of expressionStimulus-response of animals:Riders say WHOA Say Heel to dogs Circus animals go Up,Down,Roll over,etc,Animals and Human Language,Difficult to conceive anim
2、als“understanding”human language,even less likely to produce human languageOne species of animals do not produce the signals of another species.Horse will not learn to produce Moo among cows;Puppy and baby growing together,Chimpanzees and Language,99%basic genetics in common with human1930s,2 scient
3、ists(Luella and Withrop Kellogg)raised chimp with their son and could understand 100 words,but could not produce1940s,(Catherine and Keith Hayes)chimp Viki living like a human child,shaping her mouth,it managed to produce some words:mama,papa,cupRemarkable achievement since other primates do not pos
4、ess the human vocal tract suitable for producing human speech sounds,Washoe,Beatrix and Allen Gardener taught chimp Washoe to use ASLBeginning 1966,3.5 years,she came to use signs for more than 100 wordsShe even combined signs to form sentenceEven inventions in her sign useUnderstood more signs than
5、 actually produced,Sarah,Taught to use plastic shapes for commSystematically trained to associate shapes with objects or actionsRemained animal in cageTrained with food rewards to manipulate a set of symbolsSymbol is arbitrary,Lana,Similar training technique with SarahLanguage was Yerkish:set of sym
6、bols on a large keyboard linked to a computerBoth Sarah and Lan demonstrated an ability ot use what look like logographic codes and basic structures in ways which resemble the use of language,Sarah and Lana,Skepticism regarding these linguistic skills(P33)The strongest arguments aginst accepting the
7、 achievements of Washoe,Sarah and Lana put forward by the psychologist Herbert Terrace,Nim Chimpsky,Nim Chimpsky=Noam Chomsky?Chomsky claimed that language is an innate ability and unique to the human speciesNim developed an ability to use language in much the same way as WashoeTerrace argue that bo
8、th Nim and Washoe only appeared to use signs as language,Hans,Buzz and Doris,German Clever HansDolphins Buzz and Doris,The Controversy,Sherman,Austin and Kanzi,Sherman and AustinFirst to communicate with each other using a version of the printed symbols of YerkishMatata and her son KanziKanzi exposed to language usingKanzi developed a large symbol vocabulary(250)8 years old=2.5 human child in speaking English,see moive Quest for Fire,Barestrudiments,We have answered some questions,but not all.We still do not havea uncontroversial definition of“using langauge”,
